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2018年考研的帷幕已经拉开，京师杏林的小编为大家找来了1996年英语一真题，大家要重视真题，夯实基础，为12月的考研打下坚实的基础
1996年考研英语真题
Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences，there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)
1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often or better than an actual performance.
A. as good as B. as good C. good D. good as
2. My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be
3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only
4. Observations were made the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.
A. towards B. of C. on D. with
5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making
6. A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
A. would identify B. will identify
C. would have identified D. will have identified
7. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .
A. of last year’s B. those of last year’s
C. of those of last year D. that of last year’s
8. For there successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
A. is B. to be C. will be D. being
9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
A. giving B. gave C. to give D. given
10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything going on in the world.
A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is
Section B (11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分)
Section C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points)
21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were .
A. hung up B. hung back C. cut down D. cut off
22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend here so that she could learn more about the city.
A. sometimes B. some time C. sometime D. some times
23. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be with everyone who comes to the store.
A. accepted B. admitted C. admired D. acquainted
24. He does not as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.
A. equal B. match C. qualify D. fit
25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.
A. pursuing B. chasing C. reaching D. winning
26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for refreshments.
A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random
27. When travelling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute B. selection C. preference D. alternative
28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.
A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular
29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this
produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction
30. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove your point.
A. revising B. contradicting C. distorting D. distracting
31. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.
A. indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently
32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to her laughter.
A. hold back B. hold on C. hold out D. hold up
33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her attitude toward customers.
A. impartial B. mild C. hostile D. opposing
34. I with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
A. express B. confess C. verify D. acknowledge
35. It is strictly that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.
A. secured B. forbidden C. regulated D. determined
36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring.
A. assembly B. session C. conference D. convention
37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of
38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am to carrying out the plan.
A. obliged B. committed C. engaged D. resolved
39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it as well as we had hoped.
A. came off B. went off C. brought out D. made out
40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.
A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear
Part Ⅱ Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your anwer on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points)
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different46their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.
48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.
41. A. either B. so C. nor D. never
42. A. shifting B. transferring C. altering D. transforming
43. A. any B. some C. anything D. something
44. A. serious B. apparent C. severe D. fatal
45. A. mostly B. partially C. sometimes D. rarely
46. A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that
47. A. undertakes B. holds C. plays D. performs
48. A. Supplying B. Getting C. Providing D. Furnishing
49. A. exceptional B. exceeding C. excess D. external
50. A. nevertheless B. therefore C. moreover D. meanwhile
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the correspond- ding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
Passage 1
Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.
51. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get”?
[A]You’ll certainly get what you want.
[B]It’s no use dreaming.
[C]You should be dissatisfied with what you have.
[D]It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.
52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .
[A]an illustration of how to write an application for a job
[B]an indication of how to secure a good job
[C]a guideline for job description
[D]a principle for job evaluation
53.Acoording to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .
[A]that is the first step to please the employer
[B]that is the requirement of the employer
[C]it enables him to know when to sell his services
[D]it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something .
[A]definite to offer
[B]imaginary to provide
[C]practical to supply
[D]desirable to present
Passage 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC —including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the world ‘broke’, meaning having no money),so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels —ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
55. The world famous BBC now faces .
[A]the problem of news coverage
[B]an uncertain prospect
[C]inquiries by the general public
[D]shrinkage of audience
56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?
[A]Extension of its TV service to Far East.
[B]Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.
[C]Potentials for further international co-operations.
[D]Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
57. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Para.4) stands for ..
[A]the financial support from the royal family
[B]the privileges granted by the Queen
[C]a contract with the Queen
[D]a unique relationship with the royal family
58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than . .
[A]the emergence of commercial TV channels
[B]the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government
[C]the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs
[D]the challenge of new satellite channels
Passage 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.
The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
59.It’s true of the old family firms that .
[A]they were spoiled by the younger generations
[B]they failed for lack of individual initiative
[C]they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies
[D]they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
[A]the separation of capital from management
[B]the ownership of capital by managers
[C]the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
[D]the participation of shareholders in municipal business
61. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that .
[A]the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
[B]the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
[C]the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
[D]the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
62.The author is most critical of .
[A]family firm owners
[B]landowners
[C]managers
[D]shareholders
Passage 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptive ness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous
verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor...are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .
[A]elementary schools
[B]enthusiastic workers
[C]the attractive premium system
[D]a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptive ness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .
[A]benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B]shed light on disciplined school management
[C]was brought about by privileged home training
[D]owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because .
[A]they are both winners of awards
[B]they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C]they both abandon verbal description
[D]they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be .
[A]Inventive Mind
[B]Effective Schooling
[C]Ways of Thinking
[D]Outpouring of Inventions
Passage 5
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving accout of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least anotion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does——and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to .
[A]evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
[B]a notion of the creation of religion
[C]the scientific explanation of the earth formation
[D]the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
68. Kitcher’s book is intended to .
[A]recommend the views of the evolutionists
[B]expose the true features of creationists
[C]curse bitterly at his opponents
[D]launch a surprise attack on creationists
69. From the passage we can infer that .
[A]reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
[B]creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
[C]evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
[D]creationism is supported by scientific findings
70. This passage appears to be a digest of .
[A]a book review
[B]a scientific paper
[C]a magazine feature
[D]a newspaper editorial
Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. (15 points)
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.(72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.(74)However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.75.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
Part Ⅴ Writing (15 points)
Directions:
A. Title: GOOD HEALTH
B. Time limit:40 minutes
C. Word limit: 120～150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal”.
E. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Outline:
1. Importance of good health
2. Ways to keep fit
3. My own practices
1996年考研英语真题答案快速扫描
1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.C |
(11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分) |
21.D 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.C |
31.D 32.A 33.C 34.D 35.C 36.B 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.D |
41.C 42.D 43.A 44.B 45.C 46.A 47.D 48.B 49.C 50.A |
51.B 52.A 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.C 58.D 59.C 60.A |
61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.B 66.A 67.D 68.B 69.B 70.A |
1996年考研英语真题答案系统精析
Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary
Section A
1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often or better than an actual performance.
A. as good as B. as good C. good D. good as
【句意】你喜欢听唱片吗?我发现听唱片常常跟实际演出效果一样好，甚至其效要还好于实际演出。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为68%
【考核知识点】比较结构
【解析】“as good as”用于形容词原级比较，“or”后面用了形容词比较级，比较对象用than引导。“as good as和better than由or连接”，表平行并列关系，表示不同的比较关系，表达的比较意义也不同，所以任何一个“as”都不能省，故[B]、[D]都是错误的。[C]good根本不能与than搭配，也是错误的。[A]是惟一正确答案。
【举例】She can cook as good as her mother.
He isn’t so/as kind as he appears.
2. My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sym-pathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be
【句意】当我走入房间的那一刻，我的疼痛想必一定很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人同情地问我：“你不舒服吗?”
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为75%
【考核知识点】情态动词+动词不定式完成时
【解析】“must have done”结构表示对过去发生的情况的强烈肯定推测，译为“肯定是，一定是”。[A]与本题句时态不一致，为错项;[B]是过去完成时，表示“疼痛”在“进屋”之前已经完成，显然与句意不符，也为错项;[D]为错项。
【小结】“情态动词+have done”结构是常考的语法项目，从1991年到2000年为止，考研英语试卷中已前后考过五次。考生务必查阅相关语法书，弄清该结构的几种基本结构形式，及其含义和用法上的区别。
【举例】You must have left your child in the supermarket.
You 4laughed in your sleep last night. You must have had a joyful dream.
3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for meshe could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only
【句意】借书处年龄较大的图书馆管理员答应，只要她想来是起谁最后借了那本书，就帮我找回来。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为72%
【考核知识点】连接词
【解析】[A]ever since(自从),[B]much as(尽管)，[C]even though(即使)，均不合句意，应予排除。[D]在本题中是if的一种强化表达式，意为“只要”或“只是”，表示“只要达到这个条件就行”，说明说话者的强烈主观愿望。故[D]符合句意(借书处年龄较大的图书管理员答应，只要她能想起谁最后借走了那本书就帮我找回来)，为正确答案。
【小结】“if only”是连词，通常表示“愿望”，常译为“但愿，要是……就好了”。如果该愿望是指现在或将来的，那么句子里用过去时态;如果是指过去未能实现的愿望，则在句中使用过去完成时。分别参看下例：(1)If only I had more money...(2)If only he had told me.
本题“if only”则是一特别用法，再举GRE 1991年4月考卷中一题为例：The influence of the Timaeus among early philosophical thinkers was pervasive, if only because it was the sole dialogue available in Europe for almost 1000 years(《狄米奥斯》在早期哲学家中的影响非常广泛，只是因为它是欧洲近一千年中惟一能找到的哲学对话录).
【举例】If only the cat didn’t eat too much.
If only I can afford the house.
4. Observations were made the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
A. towards B. of C. on D. with
【句意】 有人对孩子们在学龄前和小学一年级开始和结束时的情况做了观察记录。
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为20%
【考核知识点】介词搭配
【解析】严格来讲，[B]、[C]两项都对由动词+名词+介词构成的短语动词变为被动时有两种方法，如文中的：observations were made of the children=children were made observations of “observation”作可数名词时，有两个意思：(1)“对……观察后发表的言论、意见”，(2)“观察报告，观察记录”;make observations on/of都应正确，只不过用介词“on”比用介词“of”语气上更加正式一些。
5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each one major point in contrast with the other.
A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making
【句意】该文开头和结尾描述了两则新闻报道，每则都各包含一个与另一则相对立的论点。
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为59%
【考核知识点】 独立结构
【解析】所谓独立结构就是分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，独立结构一般用作状语。就本题而言，首先要排除[A]、[C]两项，因为代入[A]或[C]，后半句对，但不可与前半句并列，逗号前后就成了缺少连接手段而硬凑在一起的两个简单句，这是英语语法所不允许的;[B]过去分词，[D]现在分词，答案为[D]，因为对逻辑主语“each”(每则报道)来说，是动作的发出者。[D]代入后与代词each构成分词独立结构，作状语。
【举例】There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry.
His room was on the third floor, the front windows looking into the street.
6. A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
A. would identify B. will identify
C. would have identified D. will have identified
【句意】做一次安全分析就可以鉴别出预定目标是一种潜在危险，不幸的是，从未这么做过。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为87%
【考核知识点】虚拟语气
【解析】句中“unfortunately”后跟过去时，暗示过去有事该做但却没做，即上半句须用虚拟语气。上半句省略了虚拟条件句“if it had been done”，显然主句相应地应使用would have identified的虚拟表达式，来表示与过去事实相反的假设。故[C]为正确答案。
【举例】If my sister had the money last year, she should/would/could/might have bought a car.
I would have lent it to you but the novel was lost.(=If my telepone had not been out of order...)
7. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .
A. of last year’s B. those of last year’s
C. of those of last year D. that of last year’s
【句意】登记参加今年马拉松赛跑的人数是去年的一半。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为33%
【考核知识点】比较句中的代词使用
【解析】在比较句中，为避免重复，常用代词that或those代替上文的单数名词或复数名词。that指代前面出现的名词the number of registered participants，故下文比较部分用that代替。可见[D]应为正确答案。
【举例】The number of newborn this year is twice that of last 10 year’s.
8. For there successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
A. is B. to be C. will be D. being
【句意】 要达到成功交流的目的，所有在场的人都要集中精力，积极参加讨论。
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为23%
【考核知识点】 there be 句型
【解析】本题是考查不定式结构作状语与现在分词结构作状语的区别：不定式结构常作目的状语和结果状语(结果状语主要限于only to do sth.“结果却……”用法);而现在分词结构常作原因状语和伴随状态状语。根据句意(要达到成功交流的目的……)，句首部分应是目的状语，故应选不定式结构[B]。代入后，逗号前是for引导的不定式复合结构，作目的状语。[D]带入后句意就讲不通，因为there后接being时，前面不用for。there being常表示原因。[A]、[C]不对是因为，一旦带入，逗号前就变成连词for引导的原因并列句，而for 引导的原因句却不能置于句首。
【举例】Nobody has thought of there being such a serious accident.
He and I have no objection to there being a meeting here.
9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
A. giving B. gave C. to give D. given
【句意】我最近读了一本英国人写的书，其中有一段评论很有趣。该评论阐述了他对这种美国特点形成原因的看法。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为49%
【考核知识点】分词作定语
【解析】此句较复杂，弄清句子结构非常重要。There was a very interesting remark...that I read...what he thought was a reason...是本句的主要结构。其中：“that I read recently”是定语从句，修饰“book”;空格处所引导的分词结构作定语，修饰“remark”; “what”引导的宾语从句，做分词的宾语;“he thought”为插入语。
认识到空格部分是后置定语，修饰remark，便可自然排除[B];[C]to give之所以排除，是因为不定式所表示的动作必须放在“there was”之后，而事实上两个动作应同时发生，[A]现在分词，[D]过去分词，正确答案为[A]是因为giving是现在分词，表示主动，修饰remark;相应地，[D]就必须排除。
10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything going on in the world.
A. it is B. as is C. there is D. what is
【句意】谁也没有足够的时间去阅读或聆听关于世上每一件事的报道。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为9%
【考核知识点】定语从句
【解析】根据句意可知，空格引导的应为定语从句，修饰everything。[A]代入后，两个完整的句子间没有连接词，应该排除;[B]as is 代入后引导定语从句，由于everything前没有such 和the same故[B]也须排除;[D]what is要排除，因为 what 不能引导定语从句。答案为[C]，由there be句型引导的限制性定语从句中，作从句主语的关系代词that经常省略。going on in the world为分词定语，修饰被省略的关系代词that。
Section B (11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分)
Section C
21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were .
A. hung up B. hung back C. cut down D. cut off
【句意】 我正给安打电话的时候，突然被打断了。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为33%
【考核知识点】短语动词
【解析】[A]hung up挂断(电话)(反义词：hang on别挂电话);挂起，She has hang up.她已经挂了电话。
[B]hung back 犹豫，Looking around,he hang back to decide where to spend this night.他环视四周以决定今晚去哪过。
[C]cut down 砍倒;减少[例]to cut down the agricultural tax减少农业说;to cut down on smoking减少吸烟
[D]cut off 打断(话语)，切断(水，电等)，The television show was cut off by a piece of advertisement special news report.电视节目突然被一则广告打断了。
22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend here so that she could learn more about the city.
A. sometimes B. some time C. sometime D. some times
【句意】 她不知道能否有机会在这儿呆一段时间，以便能更多地了解这个城市。
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为75%
【考核知识点】 形近词辨析
【解析】[A]sometimes 有时，不时
[B]some time 一段时间，一些时间
[C]sometime (过去或将来)某个时候，日后
[D]some times 在某些场合(很少用)，几次
23. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be with everyone who comes to the store.
A. accepted B. admitted C. admired D. acquainted
【句意】格林女士住在镇上仅一年，可是，她似乎认识所有来这个店铺的人。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为57%
【考核知识点】动词搭配
【解析】acquaint sb.with/be(become,get)acquainted with.
[A]accepted 接受，后面可以跟of,不与with搭配
[B]admitted 承认，接受一般与of搭配
[C]admired 羡慕，一般为“admire sb. for sth.”
[D]acquainted 使熟悉(及物动词)，一般为 “be acquainted with sb. or sth.”的形式，意为“知道……，熟悉……”。
24. He does not as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.
A. equal B. match C. qualify D. fit
【句意】因为他的发音很差，所以他不够资格担任英语老师。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为58%
【考核知识点】固定搭配
【解析】[A]equal等于[搭配]be equal to，to为介词，后接名、代或动名词
[B]match 相配[搭配]match...in...with 在……方面与……相配
[C]qualify 有资格[搭配]be qualified as/qualify as 有资格担任
[D]fit 适合[搭配]to fit for sth; to fit to do sth
25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.
A. pursuing B. chasing C. reaching D. winning
【句意】全世界几十个科学团体一直在寻求利用太阳光分解水分子的实用而经济的方法。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为56%
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]pursuing 寻求[搭配]to pursue the goal of 追求……目标
[B]chasing 追逐
[C]reaching 到达
[D]winning 赢得
26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for refreshments.
A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random
【句意】讨论会太冗长，令人筋疲力尽，以至于发言人不时地停下来休息一会儿。
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为62%
【考核知识点】介词短语
【解析】[A]at large 一般，大体上[B]at intervals 不时，时时
[C]at ease 不紧张，自在[D]at random 随意地
27. When travelling, you are advised to take travelles’ checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash.
A. substitute B. selection C. preference D. alternative
【句意】我建议你旅行时带旅行支票，它是不用带现金的安全的变通办法。
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为40%
【考核知识点】 词义辨析
【解析】[A]substitute 替代物，后接“for sth.”(a substitute for...的替代物)。substitute player替补队员
[B]selection 选择(selection from 人或物，of供选择的范围)。[例]selections from Charles Dickens 狄更斯选集;the selection of a candidate选拔候选人
[C]preference 偏爱(物)后面+for(to)sth.(preference for)。have a preference for classical music爱听古典音乐
[D]alternative 可供选择的事物(常与to连用)。The alternative to walking isriding. 不走路就乘车。
28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.
A. gracious B. suspicious C. unique D. particular
【句意】 我从不相信他，因为我总认为他是可疑之人。
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为67%
【考核知识点】 形容词辨析
【解析】[A]gracious 亲切的;宽厚的;优美的
[B]suspicious 可疑的;多疑的。never trusted 即 suspicious[例]a suspicious accountant 品性不可靠的会计。be suspicious of sth./sb.怀疑某物/某人
[C]unique 独一无二的
[D]particular 特定的，特别的其中A、C、D三个词为褒义，B项是贬义;根据前面的“never trusted”可知，答案为B。
29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this
produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. absorption B. transition C. consumption D. interaction
【句意】从固体变成液体时，水会吸收它附近所有物质的热量，这种吸收过程使得它周围形成非自然的低温现象。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为57%
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]absorption 吸收，take in=absorption
[B]transition 过渡
[C]consumption 消费
[D]interaction 相互作用
30. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove your point.
A. revising B. contradicting C. distorting D. distracting
【句意】 我根本就没说那样的话，你是在故意歪曲我的想法来证明你的观点。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为61%
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]revising 修订
[B]contradicting反驳，使自相矛盾，同……矛盾一般与“with”搭配
[C]distorting歪曲、扭曲
[D]distracting 分神，打扰，迷惑
31. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.
A. indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently
【句意】人们可能认为语言、文化和个性在意识形态里彼此独立，但实际上它们不可分割。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为56%
【考核知识点】 副词辨析
【解析】[A]indistinctly(from)不清楚地，不明显地
[B]separately(from)分离地，个别地，分开地
[C]irrelevantly(to)不相干地，不恰当地，不切题地
[D]independently(of)独立地，单独地
32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to her laughters.
A. hold back B. hold on C. hold out D. hold up
【句意】看着我笨拙地往牛棚拉牛犊，那名爱尔兰挤奶女工极力抑制她的笑声。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为49%
【考核知识点】动词短语
【解析】[A]hold back 抑制;退缩hold back one’s mood抑制情绪
[B]hold on 继续，握住不放
[C]hold out 维持;坚持
[D]hold up 举起;阻挡
33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her attitude toward customers.
A. impartial B. mild C. hostile D. opposing
【句意】一名女售货员因为对顾客的态度不友好而受到经理责备的目光。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为65%
【考核知识点】形容词辨析
【解析】[A]impartial不偏不倚的，公平的
[B]mild 温和的
[C]hostile 敌意的、不友好的a hostile look一种有故意的神色
[D]opposing(动词oppose 的现在分词形式)反对的、相对的a competition between opposing forces 对抗力量之间的较量
34. I with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
A. express B. confess C. verify D. acknowledge
【句意】 我感谢在准备这个新专栏的过程中我的同事给我的帮助。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为67%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]express 表达，表示。在语义上不能与help构成结构，应该说I express my thanks for the help.
[B]confess 坦白，承认(错事，罪行等)
[C]verify (通过比较，调查或参考)证实，证明，核实
[D]acknowledge 致谢;承认
35. It is strictly that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.
A. secured B. forbidden C. regulated D. determined
【句意】严格规定，除少数几个人以外，不允许其他人接触机密文件。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为48%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]secured 保卫;获得(不与strictly搭配)
[B]forbidden 禁止(不与strictly)搭配
[C]regulated 规定
[D]determined决定，限定(不与strictly搭配)
36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring.
A. assembly B. session C. conference D. convention
【句意】明年春季国会再开会的时候，要讨论污染问题及其他几个问题。
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为45%
【考核知识点】近义词辨析
【解析】[A]assembly 大会，集会deny sb. the right of assembly不予某人集会的权利。
[B]session(一届)会议，开会期(in session开会)，此表达为固定搭配， 例如： Is parliament in session during the summer?议会在夏季是开会期吗?
[C]conference 会议，讨论会
[D]convention (常指政府或政治团体举行的)大会
37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25 ththe birth of Jesus Christ.
A. in accordance with B. in terms of C. in favor of D. in honor of
【句意】圣诞是基督教的神圣节日，通常在12月25日举行庆祝活动来纪念耶稣的诞生。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为58%
【考核知识点】固定搭配
【解析】[A]in accordance with 与……一致
[B]in terms of 依照，依据
[C]in favor of 赞成，有利于
[D]in honor of 为纪念a ceremony in honor of chairman Mao纪念毛主席的仪式
38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am to carrying out the plan.
A. obliged B. committed C. engaged D. resolved
【句意】 既然现在改变主意为时已晚，我就答应执行这项计划。
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为36%
【考核知识点】固定搭配
【解析】[A]obliged 迫使、(使)感激be obliged to sb.感激某人
[B]committed 把……交托给、提交Im committed to go shopping with Mary.我答应玛莉一起去逛街。
[C]engaged Father was once engaged in scientific research.父亲过去曾从事科学研究。
[D]resolved My brother is resolved to work harder than last year.我哥决心比去年更努力地工作。
39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it as well as we had hoped.
A. came off B. went off C. brought out D. made out
【句意】在深山峡谷之中建设一座电站，这是一个大胆的设想，但它如我们希望的一样建成了。
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为43%
【考核知识点】词义辨析
【解析】[A]came off实现、成功His dream didn’t came off.他的梦想未能实现。
[B]went off 动身，发射
[C]brought out 使出现，公布，发表
[D]made out 辨认，理解
40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.
A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear
【句意】要在激烈的国际贸易竞争中生存下来，我们必须使我们生产的产品质量和种类适应国际市场的需要。
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为50%
【考核知识点】固定搭配
【解析】[A]improve 改善、改进(不与to连用)improve model改进模式
[B]enhance 提高(不与to连用)enhance quality提高素质
[C]guarantee保证，担保(不与to连用)guarantee quality 保证质量
[D]gear (与to连用)使适应The wild animals have to be geared to the environmental changing.野生动物不得不适应环境的变化。
Part Ⅱ Cloze Test
文章大意
维生素是一种特殊的蛋白质，虽然不能提供能量，也不能构成身体的任何部分或促进其生长，但它却是维持生命不可或缺的物质。缺乏某一种维生素就会造成相应的症状。但一般情况下，均衡的饮食会完全满足身体对于维生素的需求。
全文精译、答案出处及英汉对照
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
They do not provide energy, 41do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.
48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50, believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.
维生素是有机化合物，饮食中必须含有少量维生素以维持动物(包括人)的生存和正常生长。
它们不提供能量，(41)也不构成身体的任何一部分，它们的任务是把食物(42)转变成能量和维持身体健康。至少有13种维生素，若缺其中(43)一种，缺乏症疾病便(44)明显可见。
各种维生素都很相似，因为它们由同样的元素构成，一般是碳、氢、氧，(45)有时还有氮。它们的不同之处(46)在于每种维生素内部的元素排列不同，并且每种维生素在人体内(47)都有一种或多种特殊作用。
虽然维生素对人体并无什么营养上的用处，但(48)吸收足够的维生素是必要的。尽管如此，有些人出于保险的想法，还是摄入(49)过量的维生素。(50)不过，均衡的饮食一般能够完全满足身体对维生素的需求。
答案详解
41.【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为82%
【考核知识点】逻辑语意搭配
【解析】[A]either 也……
[B]so 也……
[C]nor 也不
[D]never 从不本段的前半句讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句，而后半句是倒装句，这要求选项既能引导倒装句，又能与前面的否定相呼应。
either，可以用在否定句中，但一般放在句尾，例如：I didn’t go there, either. so 可以引导倒装句，但它用在肯定句中，如：They can have dinner now, so can we.他们现在可以用餐了，我们也能。nor也可以引导倒装句，但用在否定句中，如：Sister can’t do it, nor can I.姐姐不能做这件事，我也不能;not...nor...(既不……也不……)是一个固定结构，副词nor后面的句子倒装，如He can’t write, nor can he speak.他不会写也不会说。never也可以引导倒装句，表示否定，但它必须放在句首，如：Never have I seen such a beautiful house in my life.所以选C。
42.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为54%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]shifting (to)替换，转移
[B]transferring (to)转移，传输，调动
[C]altering (to)(部分地、相对较小地)变动,变动
[D]transforming (彻底地)改变，转化，可与into搭配，意为“把……变为……”
本句意为“维生素能够将食物转化为能量，以维持身体的健康”。transform由一种形式变为另一种形式”，它常与into搭配，强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此处指将一种物质转变为另一种完全不同的其他东西，从food(食物)到energy(能量)的转变是一种质的改变，因此，只有D合题意。
shift不与into搭配而与to搭配，如：The wind shifted to the east.风转向东吹。transfer(trans前缀，与动词连用，表示进入另一处或状态)传递”，多用于位置的改变，也与to搭配。如：The boss transferred them to another city.老板把他们调到另一个城市。alter强调部分或少量的变动，程度较轻，如：Two of his sentences are too difficult,they should be altered.他写的句子中有两个太难，得修改。以上的三个词都不是事物的质的改变。
43.【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为65%
【考核知识点】 不定代词的用法
【解析】 [A]any 任何一个/一种
[B]some 一些
[C]anything 任何事物
[D]something 某些事物
该句是一个由and 连接的并列句，前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them 中的them指的是vitamins，后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。全句意为“如果缺乏维生素中的任何一种，其缺乏的症状就会表现出来。”由于if引导的从句的谓语动词是单数，因此被选项只能是一个表示单数意义的不定代词。any一般用于否定或疑问句中，做主语时，谓语动词常用单数，如Any of the children in this kindergarton can sing many songs.这个幼儿园的任何一个孩子都会唱很多歌。some一般用于肯定句，做主语时的谓语动词用复数，如：Some are my classmates。由于句中的missing具有否定意义，所以不能用some。anything与something都表示泛指。答案只能选A。
44.【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为60%
【考核知识点】形容词词义辨析
【解析】[A]serious 严重的;严肃的
[B]apparent 显而易见的
[C]severe 严重的;严厉的;严寒的
[D]fatal 致命的
前面提到维生素的两大功能：将事物转化为能量以及维持生物的身体需要。因而，如果缺乏任意一种维生素，缺乏症就会表现出来。
四个选项表示的程度不同，从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但根据上下文，这里需要填入一个词来准确描述疾病症状。serious，severe 和fatal，这几个词都表示程度严重，甚至危及生命。但上下文都没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果，因此，这三个词都不可作为被选项。而B项只是简单地描述了疾病的症状，为正确选项。
45.【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为36%
【考核知识点】副词词义辨析
【解析】[A]mostly 大部分，基本上，主要地
[B]partially 部分地
[C]sometimes 有时
[D]rarely 很少本句破折号用来举例说明维生素的组成成分，句中用and表明各成分之间为并列关系，那么，选项应与前面的usually相呼应。usually是频度副词，因此，选项也应是频度副词。
mostly，如：His fans consisted mostly of middle-aged people.他的歌迷主要是些中年人。partially如：Both of them are partially to blame for the accident.他们俩那次车祸应负部分责任。mostly和partially不是频度副词，都指事物的组成成分。rarely ，有否定含义，若用于此处则表示并列的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。
46.【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为81%
【考核知识点】逻辑关系
【解析】[A]in that因为
[B]so that以至于、为了、以便
[C]such that以至于
[D]except that 除了
上句提到各种维生素之间相似的原因，接着作者又提到维生素也是有区别的，从本段的结构我们可以得知，本句后半句会解释其不同的原因。而且，空格前面的different常与介词in连用，表示在哪一方面不同。
in that 如：Self-confidence is necessary in that it helps us to gain success.自信是必要的，因为它能帮助我们获得成功。
so that引导结果或目的状语从句，如：Take a taxi so that you can get there by 10. 打出租去，以便十点钟能赶到。
such that不能连接两个完整的句子，一般与be动词连用，如：The accident was such that police found it difficult to solve.事故如此严重，连交警也觉得难以解决。
such...that意为“以至”，用来引导结果状语从句，如：His idea was such a good one that the manager agreed to use it.他的主意非常好，所以经理同意采用。
except that如：His term paper is perfect except that some handwritings are unrecognizable.除了有些字迹难辨之外，他的论文还是很完美的。
47.【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为51%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]undertakes 承担、着手做(不与function搭配)
[B]holds 握住;拥有，继续(不与function 搭配)
[C]plays扮演(不与function 搭配)
[D]performs 执行，完成(与function 搭配)
本句的句意为：它们的区别在于构成维生素的元素以不同方式排列，各种元素在人体内承担一种或更多的特殊功能。
解答本题的关键词是function。undertake 如：undertake a mission/task承担使命/任务;hold如：hold a licience持有许可证;play如play a role/part“扮演……角色……”，四选项中只有perform能与function搭配，即perform a function,表示“具有……的功能”。另外，能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。
48.【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为67%
【考核知识点】动词词义辨析
【解析】[A]Supplying供给，供应
[B]Getting 得到
[C]Providing 提供
[D]Furnishing 提供
在英语中，名词短语若做复合句的主句主语，其逻辑主语一般是从句的主语。本句是一个由although 引导的让步状语从句，动名词的逻辑主语是the body。
Supplying, Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供，供应”;Getting意为“获取，获得”。身体只能从食物中获取维生素，而不能自己提供维生素。因此，答案只能选B。
49.【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为43%
【考核知识点】形容词词义辨析
【解析】[A]exceptional 例外的
[B]exceeding 超过的，胜过的
[C]excess 过度的，过量的，额外的
[D]external 外部的
主句提到获取足够维生素的必要性，由转折连词although 引导的从句很可能要说明的是获取过量维生素对身体没有营养价值。
exceptional 意为“例外的，异常的”，如All her dogs are active,but the youngest is really exceptional.她的狗都很活泼，但最小那只个例外。exceeding 意为“非常的，极度的，过度的”，如：an exceeding dish“一道味道绝佳的菜肴”。excess“额外的，多余的”;external意为“外部的，客观的，外用的”，如：the external condition“客观条件”。
50.【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为36%
【考核知识点】连接词辨析
【解析】[A]nevertheless然而，不过
[B]therefore 所以
[C]moreover 并且，此外
[D]meanwhile 同时
上句提到涉入过量维生素对身体没有营养价值，接着作者指出人们的心态，很多人为“安全”考虑而服用额外的维生素，很显然两句之间是逻辑转折关系，选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词。nevertheless，显然为正确答案。其他三项：therefore 表因果关系;moreover表示递进关系;meanwhile(=at the same time)表示时间关系，皆不能成为正确答案。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
文章大意
一个人若想实现自己的目标，就需要在心里设计一张蓝图，清楚自己有什么，真正想要什么。如同请朋友吃饭前列菜单、购物单和决定烹饪顺序，找工作前需要先写一份简历，列出自己的教育背景和工作经历等信息，清楚自己的能力和目标，从而有助于找到合适的工作岗位，也便于雇主判断这份工作你是否胜任。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
谨慎的(tight-lipped)老人们过去常说“在这个世界上，重要的不是你想要什么，而是你能够得到什么。”
心理学(psychology)教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且你想要的东西又合乎情理，那么你就能会得到它。
在脑海里，你可以为你的愿望描绘一幅蓝图(blueprint)，就像你绘制房屋的蓝图一样;日常生活中，我们每个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。如果我们想请朋友吃饭，我们就要定菜谱，列购物清单(make a shopping list)，并决定先做哪道菜。这样的计划对于举行的任何形式的饭局都是必不可少的。
同样，如果你想找份工作，就应该拿张纸，写一份自我简评(brief account)。为找工作制订计划时，应该以自己的实际情况为出发点，因为只有当你确切地知道你可以提供什么时，你才可能明智地(intelligently)计划到哪儿去求职(sell your services)。
实际上，你的这份自我评估是你工作经历的一个简介(sketch),应当包括你的受教育程度、经历以及证明材料(reference)。这样的简历很有用。在填写正式申请表格(application blank)时可以作为参照，在面试时更是起极大的作用。在与你交谈时，你可能的(couldbe)雇主将根据你的受教育程度、工作经历以及其他资历(qualification)来确定你是否值得他雇用，因此你必须以相关的合理而有序的方式展现你的“商品”和能力。
当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有了确切的(tangible)东西可推销了。这样你就可以找工作(hunt for a job)了。你应当尽可能地收集所有有关你未来工作的信息。查询(make inquiry)有关工作和公司的详细情况。保持耳目灵敏，运用自己的判断。每天花一定的时间寻找(seek)你想要的工作，并时刻记住：你现在的工作就是找份工作(secure a job)。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。
前三段都是铺垫，第四段才切入文章正题。从第一段的“elders”到第二段的“Psychology”，都强调人的愿望追求要现实;
第三段将话题缩小，说人的愿望需要好的规划(blueprint)才能实现。
第四段，文章用Likewise来进行过渡，切入主题，强调求职之前也需好好规划，写好求职申请。
后两段继续展开讨论。
答案详解
51.年长者说“It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get”时，他们的意思是什么?
[A]你肯定会得到你想要的东西 [B]梦想是没有用的
[C]你不应该满足于你所拥有的东西 [D]有必要为你自己确定一个目标
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为36%
【考核题型】 句意题
【解析】信号词出自文章第一段，题干要求考生回答对其的理解。原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。所以B选项为正确解答案。A选项强调了“所得”，用了certainly一词过于绝对。第二段指出另一个观点：只要知道自己需要什么、并且要合理，就能得到它，由此可知年长者们说此话的意思应为：要面对现实，不要想那些不合乎情理的东西。说明作者否定的并不是合理的需要，而是超出现实可能的奢求。你能得到所想，但是它的前提条件是“需求合理”。C选项的意思正好和年长者们的意思相悖，D选项是本文作者提倡的，不是年长者们的意思与原句意义不符。
命题目的在于检查考生能否准确把握what you want和what you get这两个短语被具体化后的含义。
52. 本文中，请朋友吃饭前所做的计划被用来 。
[A]例证如何写求职申请 [B]暗示如何获得一份好工作
[C]指导如何描述工作 [D]规定如何评估工作
【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为31%
【考核题型】 结构题
【解析】信号词出自文章第三段第二句话，题干要求考生回答文章中举请朋友吃饭这个例子有什么作用?对于目的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。此处提到解释说明前一句的make a mental blueprint of a desire...in general routine of everyday living。紧接着在第四段用likewise(同样地，照样地)表明作者用前一个例子去引出后面“求职前也要制定计划、定简历”这一例子。故A选项例证如何求职简历为正确答案。B选项、C选项和D选项中分别出现“good job”、“job description”、“job evaluation”不可能是作者使用这个例子的目的，而且原文未有的对象或内容。
命题目的在于检查考生能否通过阅读文章来把握段落间的关系以准确理解作者的写作意图。考生应该注意一些关联词和短语在段落中的用法，如：however, consequently, in addition, meanwhile等等。
53. 根据本文，开始找工作之前一个人必须写一份自我评估，因为 。
[A]那是取悦雇主的第一步
[B]那是雇主的要求
[C]自我评估使他知道何时推销自己的服务
[D]自我评估迫使他非常清楚地了解他自己
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为57%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答为什么在找工作前要描述自己的情况。题干中的同义替换词出自文章第四段首句，即知道自己能够提供什么时就会明确地计划到哪里去推销自己。D选项是对此句的改写。exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself一致。A选项错，因为文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦。B选项在文中未提及，文中是说“你才能明智地计划到哪儿去求职”，不是说何时，所以C选项也不对。
注意：考生一定要认真看选项，注意选项与原文的本质或内容上的不同。千万别落入命题者偷梁换柱的陷阱。如此题中C选项用when换掉了原文中的where。
54. 在你认真制定出一份有关你的能力和愿望的蓝图后，你就已经有了 。
[A]明确的东西可以提供 [B]想象的东西可以提供
[C]实际的东西可以提供 [D]令人满意的东西可以提供
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为38%
【考核题型】句意题
【解析】题干中的信号词出自于文章最后一段的首句，而选项中的动词分别是offer、provide、supply和present都与sell的含义“提供”为同义词。故本题考点是对文中tangible的理解。tangible意为clear and definite(明确的，确实的)，A选项说：有了明确的东西可以提供，这与文中的：“有了明确的东西可以推销了”的意思相符，故为正确答案。而B选项、C选项和D选项均符合文章的意思。此外还可以从上文中“orderly and reasonably”和“carefully prepared”推测tangible的含义。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.
【结构分析】本句主干为it’s not...but...，表示“不是……而是……”这个结构是否定前者，肯定后者。 注意介词but的其他用法：nothing but：只有，仅仅。如：There was nothing else but to resign.(除了辞职别无他法。) anything but:根本不。如:He is anything but mad. (他一点儿也不生气。)
【参考译文】在这个世界上你想要什么并不重要，重要的是你能够得到什么。
2.【文章难句】You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.
【结构分析】此句是用and连接的两个并列句。在前一个分句中由as引导一个比较状语从句，将make a blueprint of a desire与make a blueprint of a house作比较。第二个分句的主干是：each of us...is making...blueprints...
【参考译文】你可以像建房子画蓝图一样在脑海中给自己的愿望画一幅蓝图;而且在日常生活中，我们每个人也都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。
3.【文章难句】While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
【结构分析】该句主干是your could-be employer is deciding whether...and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed...。前一个分句由中while引导伴随状语从句，whether引导宾语从句。
注意句中...pay sb.to do sth.意思是：对……有利，对……有好处。如It will pay you to eat less.(少吃点儿对你有好处。)在此句中couldbe意思是：可能的，未来的。wares在这里表示(应聘者能够展示出来)的资格和能力。
【参考译文】在和你交谈时，那位有可能是老板的面试考官会考虑你的教育、经历和你的其他资历还有你是否为值得他雇用的人。你必须把自己的“商品”资格和能力合理而有序地展示出来。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① tight-lipped adj. 嘴唇紧闭的；寡言的；沉默的 ② blueprint [ 'blu:'print ] n.蓝图，行动计划 ③ sketch [ sketʃ ] n.梗概，提纲 ④ tangible [ 'tændʒəbl ] adj.可触摸的，有形的；有实体的；实际的 ⑤ inquiry [ in'kwaiəri ] n.询问，打听，调查 |
Passage 2
文章大意
70年来，BBC取得了辉煌的业绩，它提供着各种类型的节目，听众群体也覆盖到亚洲和美洲地区。但现在它却前途未卜，政府为此发起了一场讨论：置疑者认为BBC与女王的合同在1996年到期了，那时就应该决定是继续维持原状还是对其进行变革，而辩护者则认为因其并未破产为故没有变革的必要。作者认为随着商业频道的发展和卫星频道的出现，世界上的广播业正在发生变化，因此BBC也必须进行变革。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
随着BBC (英国广播公司)国际电视服务节目的开播(start)，亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以收听到该公司的广播，还可以收看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。
当然，英国的听众(listener)和观众(viewer)可以调频收看两个BBC电视频道(television channel)、收听五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方广播电台(radio station)的节目。每户每年交八十三英镑的收视费(license fee)便可收看、收听体育新闻、喜剧、戏剧表演、音乐节目、新闻、时事(current affair)、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目以及电影等。
BBC已经连续运作(stretch)了七十多年，可谓历程辉煌：然而，现在的BBC却前途未卜(in doubt)。目前该公司还可以作为政府基金资助(publicly-funded)的公办广播机构(broadcasting organization)生存下去，但是它的作用、规模(size)以及它的节目已成为现阶段整个英国争论的话题(subject)。
这场争论是由英国政府发起的(launch)。政府邀请任何对BBC有看法的人(包括普通听众和观众)对公司的好、坏情况发表意见，他们甚至可以发表有关“公司是否值得办下去”这样的意见。政府像这样征求意见的原因是BBC持有的皇家契约(royal charter)将于一九九六年到期(run out)，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状，还是实行改革(make change)。
公司的捍卫者中有很多人喜欢引用美国的口号：“如果东西没坏(broke)，就不要修它。”他们说，BBC“没有破产”，意思是说该公司没有垮掉(与“一文不名”一词的含义完全不同，“一文不名”意为没有资金)，为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢?
然而，BBC将不得不实行改革，因为其周边的广播界(broadcasting world)正在发生变革。撒切尔政府的广播法要求商业电视频道(TV channel)(独立电视台和第四频道)更加商业化,互相竞争广告业务(advertiser)，降低成本，裁减员工。但是，从长远来看，正是新卫星频道(satellite channel)的出现由于它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户的收视费(subscription)，才会带来最大的变革。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。
第一、二段对BBC的现状作了肯定性的介绍。
第三段的一开始话锋转入了本文的主题：Yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.
第四段讲述了对BBC的未来进行公开讨论的原因。
第五段介绍维持现状者的看法。
第六段Yet开头，话锋一转，作者陈述了自己相反的观点：BBC必须改革。
答案详解
55. 世界闻名的BBC现在正面临着 。
[A]扩大新闻报道范围的问题 [B]未卜的前景
[C]普通大众的质询 [D]观众人数的减少
【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为65%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答世界著名的BBC公司目前所面临的状况。文章第一段和第二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型的广泛性，这两段间用and相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，“Yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt”前景不明，说明了它现在面临的情况。第四段末句指出“it must decide whether to keep the organisation as it is or to make changes”,进一步表明它的前景难以预料。B选项说BBC现在面临着不确定的前景问题，与文中所说“如今，BBC前途未卜”的意思相符，故为正确选项。
A选项只在第一段提到，然而这是BBC值得骄傲的好现象，而不是“难题”。C选项不对，因为文章中说的是政府为了解普通大众的意见而采取的行为，不是普通大众的质询问题，而且调查早就开始，也不是BBC现在面临的问题。D选项在原文中未出现。命题意图在于要求考生注意文中的转折。议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，考生只要看到标明转折或对比的关系词，如：but,yet,however等，就应注意其用法。
56. 本文中，下面哪项有关BBC的说明没有被作为关键问题提到?
[A]把其电视覆盖范围拓展到远东。 [B]节目成为全国范围争论的主题。
[C]进一步加强国际间合作的潜力。 [D]以广播机构存在。
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为51%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答下列选项哪个没有作为关键问题被提到。此题可以采用排除法解题。A选项在文章第一段有被提到“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的总称呼。B选项(节目成为全国争论的话题)和D选项(作为广播机构的存在)都在文章第三段第二句提到，“该公司将作为政府基金赞助的广播机构而生存下去，至少目前会是这样，但是它的作用、规模和节目却已经成为目前全英国谈论的话题”。故C选项为正确答案。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。
注意：这种三个正确一个错误的题目，答案选择一般有两种情况：一是所给信息在文中根本没有提到;二是所给信息与文中其他内容相互冲突。
57. BBC的“royal charter”(第四段)指的是 。
[A]来自皇室的经济资助 [B]女王授予的特权
[C]与女王签订的合约 [D]与皇室的独特关系
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为9%
【考核题型】词义题
【解析】题干要求考生回答对royal charter 的理解。对于句中短语词汇释义，要根据句内和句间上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。第四段末句提到“The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.”解此题的关键是了解run out的含义。“charter”的意思是“契约”run out有“离开，完成，被用完，一段时间到期限”的意思，最后一个含义主要用于合约和合同。这样可以直接选出答案C选项。A选项与全文第三段第二句提到的“该公司将作为政府基金资助的广播机构而生存下去”意思不符;B、D两选项文中未提及。
58. BBC不得不重新自我调整的主要原因不过是。
[A]商业性电视频道的出现 [B]政府加大对广播法的执法力度
[C]降低成本、裁减员工的迫切需要 [D]新卫星频道带来的挑战
【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为55%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求回答BBC广播公司进行自我调整的主要原因(no other than意为“正是”)。文章末段最后一句说，“但是，卫星频道的出现由于它们的资金部分来自广告，部分来自用户的收视费从长远来看会带来最大的变革”可见，使用BBC不得不进行变革的最主要外部原因是新卫星频道的出现，故[D]是正确答案。
也可以采用排除法排除A选项。A选项与第三段中说BBC是公共资助的广播组织相悖。B选项和C选项都不正确。D选项与文中所讲的“从长远来看，新卫星频道的出现才会带来最大的变革”的意思相符，故它才是正确答案。
题干中的no other than意为“就是”。其用法相当于含加强语气的代词结构。如：That is no other than my step-father.=It was Jones himself.那就是我的继父。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】They are brought sport,comedy,drama,music,news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage,children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
【结构分析】该句的主干是They are brought sth.for...,谓语用被动语态，本来是动词bring接双宾结构“bring them sth.for...”,直接宾语由一串名词构成。
【参考译文】每户每年支付83英镑的收视费用就可以收看、收听到有关体育运动、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻与时事、教育、宗教、关于议会的报道、儿童节目和电影。
2.【文章难句】The corporation will survive as a publiclyfunded broadcasting organization,at least for the time being,but its role,its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.
【结构分析】该句是两个转折关系的分句由but连接起来。at least for the time being这个插入语的含义为：眼下，暂时。如：My daughter is playing piano for the time being.这会儿我女儿正练弹钢琴。
【参考译文】该公司将作为国家资助的广播组织而存在，至少目前会这样;但是现在它的作用、规模和节目设置都成了全英国谈论的话题。
3.【文章难句】The debate was launched by the Government,which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers-to say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
【结构分析】该句的主干是：The debate was launched by the Government,后面是由which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰government,在这个从句中主干是：which invited anyone...to say...，在anyone后由with引导的介词短语对它进行修饰限制。破折号间的插入语，同样是在对anyone进行补充说明。to say 后有两个宾语成分what was good or bad about the Corporation和whether they thought it was worth keeping,副词even表进一步强调。
【参考译文】该争论是由政府发起的，它邀请所有对BBC持有独到见解的人——包括普通听众和观众——去评说该公司的优劣，甚至讨论它有没有继续存在的必要。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① coverage [ 'kʌvəridʒ ] n. 新闻报道 ② tune in to 调谐，收听 ③ in doubt 悬而未决 ④ for the time being 目前，眼前，暂时 ⑤ no other than 正是，就是 |
Passage 3
文章大意
自19世纪后半叶始，资本开始与劳动力分离。有限责任公司这种新型模式取代了以往旧式企业。这种变革满足了新时代的技术要求，同时也防止了效率下降。企业向集中化和国有化迈进，其目的主要为其股票持有者谋利。虽然股东和股民们拥有资本却与管理分离，完全靠资本致富。他们很少了解工人，对资本与劳动力的关系产生了不良影响，这个矛盾靠工会组织权力的增长得以改善。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
十九世纪后半叶，“资方(capital)和劳方(labor)”按现代方式不断壮大并完善(prefect)各自对立的(rival)组织。许多老字号(old firm)被有限责任公司(limited liability company)所取代，由领取薪金的(salaried)经理人员组成管理(bureaucracy)层。通过雇佣(engage)大批专业人员(professional element),来适应新时代的技术需求(technical requirement)，防止了效率的下降而过去的家族式企业通常因为效率的下降，在那些充满活力的(energetic)创始人之后的第二、三代手中就破产倒闭了。此外，这也是公司摆脱个人奋斗，迈向集体化(collectivism)和市营企业、国有企业(stateowned business)的一个步骤。虽然铁路公司还是为股东(shareholder)谋利(manage for the benefit)的私营企业(private business)，但同过去的家族式企业已大不相同了。与此同时，市政当局(municipality)也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人(taxpayer)提供电力、交通(tram)和其它服务。
有限责任公司和市营企业(municipal business)的发展意义重大。资金和企业的这种大规模、非个人的运作(manipulation)极大地促进了作为一个阶层的股东人数的增加，增强了他们的重要性;股东阶层是国民中的一部分，代表了不需承担责任的财富从地产和土地所有者的责任中的分离(detach)，几乎也同样代表了从企业负责任的管理中的分离。整个十九世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资金发展，而英国的股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像Bournmouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇迅速发展起来，为大批“享乐”阶层提供了住所，而这些人靠自己的丰厚收入(income)过着隐居生活，这些人除了分取红利(dividend)、偶尔参加股东大会向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有任何联系。另一方面，“股权(shareholding)”意味着悠闲和自由，而这正是维多利亚时代后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
像这样的“股东”不了解他所持股份的公司里雇用的工人的生活、思想或需要，他对劳资双方的关系也不会产生积极的影响。为公司工作而领取薪水的经理人员同工人以及工人的要求有更直接的联系，但即使是他们也很少熟知工人的个人情况，而在更具有家族统治(patriarchal)的体制下，如今已不复存在(pass away)的老字号的雇主通常十分了解工人的情况。实际上，仅仅是经营(operation)规模和所涉及的工人人数就使这样的关系变得不可能。然而，幸运的是，工会(trade union)的势力和组织在不断扩大，至少在技术行业(skilled trade)的工会是这样，这使得工人与雇用他们的公司经理的地位平等了。罢工和封闭工厂的无情惩罚(discipline)使得双方懂得彼此尊重，理解了公平协商(fair negotiation)的价值。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。这一段介绍了有限责任公司及市政事业的崛起开始取代旧的家庭型企业，
第二段讲述了这种变化所导致的结果便是造就了一个新的持股阶层，
第三段主要讲述了持股阶层及公司经理们与劳动者之间的隔阂。
答案详解
59.下列有关老字号家族企业说法中正确的是： 。
[A]它们被年轻一代毁掉了 [B]由于缺乏个人创业精神而垮掉了
[C]比起现代企业来它们缺乏效益 [D]它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为68%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答下列给出的关于旧式家族企业的叙述哪个是正确的。第一段第二句、第三句指出：许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降，而在过去，这样的低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知家族企业缺乏效率。C项说“与现代企业相比，老字号家族企业缺乏效益”，与文章意思吻合，因此C为正确答案。
A选项反映的情况并不总是如此，而且容易让人以为是晚辈们在毁坏家业，而实际上文中只是说“家族式企业通常因为效率的下降，在那些充满活力的创始人之后的第二、三代就倒闭了”，并没有说是被年轻一代毁掉了，所以不对;该段第四句中表明由家族企业到有限责任公司这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业的一个步骤，由此可以推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神。故B选项与原文也不符。D选项与该段最后一句指出的“责任有限公司有能力为纳税人提供各种服务”相悖。
命题意图要求考生理解第一段第三句的定语从句“that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders”，而且是反过来考，原文是“防止效率下降”，选项是“缺乏效率”。
60. 限责任公司的发展导致 。
[A]资本与管理的分离 [B]管理人员对资本的占有
[C]出现了劳方和资方两个阶层 [D]股东参与市属企业
【答案及考生答对率】A，答对率为38%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答有限责任公司的兴起与发展导致了什么结果。文章第二段指出，有限公司及市营企业的发展意义重大。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵使作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性大大地中增加了。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地和土地所有者责任分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。资金和企业的大规模运作，导致了财富从土地责任和企业管理的分离，A选项与原文内容相符，故为正确答案。
文章第一段第二句指出经理只是帮助经营、管理，并不拥有产权，拥有产权的是持投者。因此，并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。C选项不对。文章首句已经表明这两个阶级早在责任有限公司出现之前就已经存在，由责任有限公司导致出现的是股票持有人这一新的阶层。D选项与原文不符。实际上股东们只是享受红利，偶尔开会给经营者发布指令，不参与市属企业管理。命题意图要求考生根据题干关键词(此题是“growth of limited liability companies”)和各段首句(第二段首句)迅速定位答案所在句。
61. 根据本文，下面所有选项 除外都是对的。
[A]股东不了解工人的需求 [B]老商号的所有者更理解工人
[C]有限责任公司太大以至难以顺利运转 [D]工会似乎起了积极作用
【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为62%
【考核题型】细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答选项中的叙述哪个不正确。对于诸如此类的正误判断题，可以采取排除法解题。A选项在文章末段首句中涉及：“这种股东不了解持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求”;B选项在该段第二句涉及：“但是甚至他——经理也很少像现在正在消失的世袭家族企业中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解”;D选项也可以从文章最后两句得出：值得庆幸的是，工会与日俱增的权利和组织使工人与他们的雇主可以平起平坐。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。而C选项在文章中未涉及。
注意：Except型题目可能涉及一段或数段，考点范围广泛，此题目就几乎涉及到第三段每句话。
62. 作者批评最多的是 。
[A]家族企业所有者 [B]土地所有者
[C]管理人员 [D]股东
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为72%
【考核题型】 作者态度题
【解析】 题干要求考生回答作者对谁的批评度更大。通观全文，发现文章花了许多笔墨描述股东阶层。如第二段第四句中说他们是“comfortable class”。他们与别人的关系仅仅限于抽取红利，偶尔参加股东会议对企业管理指手画脚，他们与社会上的其他人没有任何联系，“shareholding”意为悠闲和自由;第三段首句也说这样的“股东”不了解他所持股份的公司里雇用工人的生活、思想或需要，他说劳资双方的关系产生了不良影响。此处引号的多次使用表示作者的不满。由此可知作者批判的是持股者。因此，D选项为正确答案。命题意图要求考生纵览全篇，体会字里行间流露的语气和注意“most”关键词。此题实际上属主旨范畴题。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
【结构分析】该句主干是“The change met...requirements...and prevented the decline...”,其中and连接了这两个并列动词。前一动词met后跟by引导的介词词组做状语;后一动词的宾语the decline in efficiency后是that引导的定语从句，注意the second and third generation 在这个定语从句的时间状语中，并不是spoiled这一动作的实施者，真正的实施者是the decline in efficiency。
【参考译文】通过雇佣大批专业人员来适应新时代的技术需求，防止了效率的下降，而过去的家族式企业通常因为效率下降而在那些充满活力的创始人之后的第二、三代就破产倒闭了。
2.【文章难句】Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
【结构分析】句子的主语是“Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry”;谓语是“increased”，宾语是“the numbers and importance of shareholders”。而句中的an element in national life指的就是持股人这一阶层，它是对shareholders as a class进一步解释，其中representing是现在分词做定语，与an element in national life一起修饰shareholders;两个detached过去分词均修饰irresponsible wealth。
【参考译文】资金和产业的这种大规模、非个人的运作极大地促进了股东这样一个阶层的人数的增加，增强了其重要性;股东阶层是国民中的一部分，代表了不需承担责任的财富从地产和土地所有者的责任中的分离，几乎也同样代表了从企业控权的管理中的分离。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① rival [ 'raivəl ] n.竞争者，对手 v.竞争，对抗 adj.竞争的 ② collectivism [ kə'lektivizəm ] n.集体主义 ③ be detached from 脱离 ④ patriarchal [ .peitri'ɑ:kəl ] n.家长的，族长的，父权制的 ⑤ render [ 'rendə ] v.使得，致使；提出，提供，呈报 |
Passage 4
文章大意
文章分析了为什么美国早期会有大量重大发明涌现，其中包括美国出色的初等教育，欢迎具备新技术的劳动力，对发明者的奖励制度以及具有空间思维能力等。初级教育使美国早期的技工具备了数学和三角几何等方面的知识，奖励制度带来的鼓励以及美国人将其所有的空间思维方式都为发明创造提供了可能性。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢?
在诸多因素中，我想特别提一下美国优秀的小学教育、乐于接受新技术的劳动力(labor force)以及给发明者以奖励(premium)的制度;最重要的是美国人处理技术性事务所具有的非语言、“立体(spatial)”思维天赋(genius)这一因素。
我为什么要提到小学教育呢?因为，正是依靠这些学校，我们早期的机械工人(mechanic)才普遍有了文化，并通晓了算术以及部分几何和三角知识(trigonometry)，这种情况在新英格兰和沿大西洋中部各州尤为明显。
敏锐的(acute)外国观察家认为，美国人的适应能力(adaptiveness)以及善于创造性(inventiveness)得益于这种教育优势。正如一八五三年一位访问过这里的英国委员会成员所报道的，“由于美国的孩子在学校接受了彻底的训练(discipline)，所以他们很快就成为熟练(skilled)工人。”
更进一步激励(stimulus)发明的因素就是“奖励”制度，这种制度产生于专利(patent)制度之前，并与专利制度共存了(parallel)许多年。这种奖励方法源于国外，它为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其它奖励(incentive)。
在美国，给新发明(device)的众多奖项一般在农村的商品展销会(fair)和主要城市的工业博览会上颁发(award)。美国人纷纷涌向这些展销会，去鉴赏那些新机械，因而使他们更新(renew)了自己的观点，坚信先进(advance)的技术可以造福人类。
由于对技术革新(innovation)的这种乐观态度，美国工人很轻易地习惯了机械技术(mechanical technology)所需的专门的非语言思维方式。正如尤金·福格森所指出的，“一位技术家所考虑的东西不可能用确切的(unambiguous)语言描述;他处理这些东西的过程是一个视觉的、非语言过程……。设计人员和发明者能够在他们的脑子里编制和应用(manipulate)那些尚不存在的设计。”
这种非语言的“空间”思维能够像绘画和写作一样具有创造性(creative)。罗伯特·福尔顿曾经说过，“技术工人应该坐在控制杆(lever)、螺杆、楔子(wedge)和轮子等之间，像诗人沉浸于字母表中的文字一样，把这些东西看作他的思想的展示，在这种展示中，一种新排列就会传递一种新思想。”
当所有这些决定性因素——学校、开放的态度、奖励制度以及立体思维的天赋——在富有的美国大陆上相互影响时，它们就形成了具有美国特征的竞争(emulation)。如今，该词意味着纯粹的模仿(imitation)。但在早期，它意味着为了名望和出类拔萃(excellence)而进行的友好而激烈的竞争。
分段导读
这是一篇议论文。
第一，二段属于“QuestionAnswer”语篇模式，第1段先提出问题，第2段便回答。
第二段与文章下文又构成“GeneralParticular”(先概说后细解)语篇特征，第二段概括了早期美国发明创造纷涌而出的四个原因。
接着的六个段落则详细地说明。
最后一段进行了全文概括。
答案详解
63.依据作者的观点，早期的美国能够涌现出一些重大发明主要是因为 。
[A]小学 [B]富有热情的工人
[C]极具吸引力的奖励机制 [D]一种特殊的思考方式
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为50%
【考核题型】 因果关系题
【解析】题干要求考生回答促成美国早期发明创造热的主要原因。文章首句是个设问句，有问必答，在第二段就对此设问予以回答，告诉读者其原因有：优秀的初等教育;欢迎新技术的劳动力;给发明者以奖励的制度;而最重要的是美国具有人对技术性事物进行非语言的、“空间”思维的才能。前面三个原因之间的分号表明一种并列关系，无关连词，这说明分号前后是同等重要的原因，而最后一个分号后的“above all”一词，显示它后面的内容与前边所列原因相比，具有重要性。文中提到，最重要的是美国人处理技术性事务的非语言、“立体”思维天赋。与D项的意思相符，因此可知D为正确答案。A选项、B选项和C选项都不是主要原因，应该排除。
命题意图在于要求考生把握对关联词above all 的理解。above all意为：最重要者，尤其，它与这一题干中的in a large part含义相同。
64.文章暗示：早期美国技工的适应能力和善于创造的本性 。
[A]从他们的数学知识中获益匪浅 [B]阐明了严格的学校管理
[C]产生于享有特权的家庭训练 [D]基本上归因于技术的发展
【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为22%
【考核题型】 推理题
【解析】题干要求考生对关于美国早期技工的适应性和创造性的叙述进行推理判断。
文章第四段首句指出：敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势联系在一起。是哪种教育优势呢? this一般指代前述的最后内容，也就是第三段末句谈到的“技工们有文化并且熟知算术(arithmetic)、几何学(geometry)和三角学(trigonometry)”，从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。与A选项意思吻合，故为正确答案。
B选项文章根本未提到。虽然第四段最后一句提到school discipline，但未说它解释了适应性和创造性。C选项中的home training是对原文第三段at home in...的误解而不是home training的意思，因此C错。D选项也是文中没有的内容，况且它存在逻辑错误，应该是适应性和创造性促进技术的发展，而不是技术的发展促进了适应性和创造性。
65.可以把一名技术师比作是一位艺术家，因为 。
[A]他们都是获奖者 [B]他们都是立体思维专家
[C]他们都不用语言描述 [D]他们都使用各种各样的工具
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为76%
【考核题型】 细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答把技术专家比做艺术家的原因。文章第七段对technologist的思维模式进行了分析，第八段第一句指出：这种非语言的“空间”思维在创造力上可以与绘画和写作相比。接着文章又以Robert Fulton的话为例去证明a mechanic和a poet在使用“空间”思维方面的相通之处。因此，B选项为正确答案。
此题还可以通过排除法求答。A选项本身就有问题，事实上根本不是所有的艺术家都是奖项获得者。D选项缺乏比较力度。若以此为比较基础，岂不是各行各业的人都可以认为相似?C选项并不适用于艺术家。进行非语言的空间思维不等于说放弃语言表达。综上所述亦可得出B为正确答案。
命题意图在于要求考生找出形象类比双方的相似性。文中作者用明喻的方法，说技术专家像艺术家，用形象的类比将抽象的道理阐释清楚。
66.对本文来说最佳的标题可能是 。
[A]创造性头脑 [B]有效的学校教育
[C]思维的方式 [D]发明的涌现
【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为27%
【考核题型】 主旨题
【解析】题干要求考生回答本文最恰当的标题。首先从文章结构看：本文一开始就点明主题，美国初期出现大量发明创造的原因是什么?第二部分接着分别论述它的几个因素，其中有学校教育、劳动者对新技术的热情、对发明者的奖励制度，而最主要的是具有发明创造的思想。最后一段是全文的总结。由此可见，本文的大部分篇幅都谈的是关于具有创造力的思维方法问题A项较接近，因此A选项为正确答案。
我们还可以用选项排除法。D选项与文间主旨不符，文章主要是谈发明热及其原因，而不是发明本身，故错。C选项和B选项都是部分原因，不具备概括性，不能作主题。
命题意图是考查考生对全篇文章信息综合归纳的能力。总结：做阅读时，设问句的出现有助于解题，因为对设问的回答往往是文章中心所在。做这样的题应该注意：(1)片面性、细节性的选项不能作题目。(2)可以假设某选项为题目，然后试想在这样的题目下，应该写的内容。若与文章内容相悖，则不能作题目。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】A further stimulus to invention came from the“premium”system,which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.
【结构分析】句中的which引导的非限制定语从句来修饰premium system;从句中and连接了两个谓语动词，run parallel with意为“与……并驾齐驱”。如：His words dont always run parallel with his action.他的话与行动不合拍。it指代前面提到的patent system。
【参考译文】对来自“奖励”制度的发明因素更进一步激励，它先于我们的专利制度并且多年来一直与它一同实施。
2.【文章难句】Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
【结构分析】该句主句是Americans flocked to these fairs,后面接两平行动词不定式to admire...and thus to renew...做谓语的目的状语。注意几个动词的层次关系。句中的flock to意为“群集，聚集”。如：Students are flocking to such fields as genetics and molecular biology.大学生们正在大量进行诸如遗传基因学和分子生物等领域的研究。these fairs指代前面的country fair和industrial fair，他们的意思分别是乡村集市和工业博览会。
【参考译文】美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去鉴赏新机械，这就致使他们更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
3.【文章难句】Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American workers took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.
【结构分析】句中的Given在这里是介词，意思是“考虑到……”，take to意为“适应，对……做出反应”。如：He took to Japanese as a duck takes to water.他学日语就像鸭子嬉水一样毫不费力。
【参考译文】有了乐观态度去面对这种技术革新，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种专门的非语言的思维方式。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① premium [ 'primjəm ] n.奖金，酬金，奖励 ② adaptiveness [ ə'dæptivnis ] n.适应能力 ③ patent [ 'peitənt, 'pætənt ] adj.专利的，特许的 n.专利，专利品，专利权 v.批准专利，获得专利 ④ incentive [ in'sentiv ] n.刺激，鼓励，奖励；动机 ⑤ emulation [ .emjʊ'leiʃən ] n.竞赛，竞争；仿效 |
Passage 5
文章大意
这篇文章是一本书的书评。20多本有关创世纪论和进化论的书将要或已经出版，其目的在于阐明并不存在两种都能站得住脚的关于宇宙人类起源进化的科学理论。由于创世纪论建立在宗教而非科学的基础上，已被科学家和大多数的非正统宗教领袖认为其是伪科学和伪宗教。Kitcher的书作为这二十多本之中的一本，简要介绍了进化论后也对创世纪论进行了批评，读者将从书中了解到一些支持进化论的数据和观点。
全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现
据传言，二十多本有关创世纪论(creationism)和进化论(evolution)的书籍即将问世。有几本书已经面世了。所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑的、常常还不开明(unenlightened)的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源(origin)以及进化问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论(scientific theory)。对于所发生的一切，宇宙学(cosmology)、地质学(geology)以及生物学(biology)已经提供了一套连贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。无论何时在课堂上讲述进化论的科学内容时，总会有些人挤出“同等时间”来鼓吹“科学的”创世纪论，而创世纪论以宗教(religion)而不是科学为基础。实际上，所有科学家和大多数的非原教旨主义(nonfundamentalist)宗教领袖们已经开始把科学的创世纪论看成是“拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教”。
金切尔的书在前四章非常简洁地介绍了进化论。作者在恰当的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批评，并提供了答辩。在书的后三章，他毫不客气，猛烈地抨击了(beat)创世纪论者。他披露了这些人的伎俩和计谋(tactic)，对于那些不了解创世纪论者惯用手法的人来说，那些创世纪论者欺骗(deception)和歪曲(distortion)事实的程度可能会让他们感到气愤和吃惊，由于他们的基本动机(motivation)是为了宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。
金切尔的论点(argument)明确(charity)而有说服力(effectiveness),也许部分原因是因为他是一名哲学家(philosopher)。非专业人士至少能够获取那些支持进化论的资料和论点中的一种观念(notion)。对所有人来说，书中有关创世纪论者的最后一章阐述得相当清楚。这部优秀作品的封皮上引用了斯蒂芬•杰•古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的就是理性(reason)”。“这本书也的确这么做了——如果理性是评判创世纪论与进化论之争的惟一标准的话，那么一切问题就已解决了。
分段导读
这是一篇书评，全文围绕着Kitcher的新作展开，作者分层次加以点评。
第一段介绍了有关宇宙起源的两种对立的观点：创世纪论和进化论。
第二段中，作者借Kitcher的书中内容来驳斥创世纪论者的荒谬观点。
最后一段作者强调理性的重要性，并指出Kitcher的书正是理性的代表。
答案详解
67.“Creationism”一词在文中指的是 。
[A]有关宇宙起源的真正意义上的进化论 [B]有关宗教创世纪论的一种观念
[C]有关地球形成的科学解释 [D]有关宇宙起源的欺骗性理论
【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为53%
【考核题型】 词义题
【解析】题干要求考生回答“creationism”在文中的意思。“creatiorism”是文章的关键词语，首段首句第五、六句都出现过。从文章第一段第三句可知“creationism和evolution就是宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题的两种理论”。接着该段末句将“creationism”描写为拙劣的科学、拙劣的宗教。到了第二段第四句更是指出“对那些不了解神道论惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到厌恶，使他们感到惊异”。根据这些线索，可以判断creationism指的是D选项。
此外还可用排除法解题。在文章第一段作者将创世纪论与进化论对立而论，并且指出几乎所有科学家和非原教旨主义宗教领袖都已经开始将所谓的“科学”创世纪论看作是“不良科学和不良宗教。而A选项之意明显与文章的意思不符，故排除，既然“creationism”是“bad science”，又怎能够科学地解释地球的形成呢?因此C选项亦应排除。B选项未在文中提及，提及的倒是creationism基于宗教而产生。
Creationism:创世纪论，一种有关宇宙起源的不真实、带有欺骗性理论，认为万物皆由上帝创造，不能演化和发展。该学说是根据《圣经》“创世纪”篇的内容总结出来的关于宇宙起源的理论。
68.金切尔的书旨在 。
[A]推荐进化论者的观点 [B]披露创世纪论者的真实面目
[C]痛骂其对手 [D]对创世纪论者发动突然袭击
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为34%
【考核题型】 细节题
【解析】题干要求考生回答Kitcher著书的目的。文章第二段首句提到该书的前四章简单地介绍了进化论，利用合适机会对创世纪论进行了批判，也提供了答辩。在此书的后三章，他毫不客气，对创世纪论者进行猛烈的抨击。他描述了他们的伎俩和计谋，使人们看到他们的欺骗和对事实的扭曲。以上都说明此书的目的而是在于揭示创世纪论的真实面目。因此该书的目的不是A选项，而是B选项。
由于作者力求公允，介绍对创世纪论的批评，同时也提供了答辨。全书给人的印象是它是理智的代表，毫无用语言攻击对方之嫌，因此C选项错。考生误选D选项是因为将a surprise attack与该段第四句中的an unpleasant surprise弄混了，误以为D为原文的改写。其实二者所述对象不同，原文是说创世纪论者欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让不熟悉创世纪论的人吃惊，而D中得到surprise的是创世纪论者，所指不同。因此，D应该排除。
69.根据本文，我们可以推断出： 。
[A]理性思维在争论中起了决定性作用
[B]创世纪论者的论点以理性思维为基础
[C]对非专业人士来说，进化论太难
[D]创世纪论者(的观点)得到科学发现的支持
【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为39%
【考核题型】 推论题
【解析】题干要求考生回答通过阅读文章可以推出哪种结论。文章最后一句指出，如果理性是评判创世纪和进化论之争的惟一标准的话，问题就容易解决。此句是一个带有倒装结构的虚拟语气的句子，表明与事实相反。因此可以推知creationism并没有依理性办事，也尚未在争论中起决定性作用。这就可以排除A选项，而得出B选项为正确答案。此外，从全文我们可以看出Kitcher是站在进化论一边，反对创世纪论的。而文章倒数第二句指出，他的这本书代表了理性本身。由此可以推出其对立面creationists不代表理性，其论证也不基于理性，所以B为正确答案。
D选项与原文提到的“创世纪论是拙劣的科学”相悖。并且其对creationism进行肯定，与全文基调相反，应该首先排除。最后一段第二句指出“(通过此书)非专业的读者至少可以了解支持进化论的信息和观点”，而C选项与文章不符，亦应排除。
70.本文似乎是 的摘要。
[A]一个书评 [B]一篇科学论文
[C]一份杂志特写 [D]一则报刊社论
【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为67%
【考核题型】 引申推理题
【解析】题干要求考生回答这篇文章是属于哪种类型文章的摘要。文章首段以书开始，然后在第二段和第三段专门介绍Kitcher的书的结构内容和突出特点还有kitcher的简历，最后引用Stephen Jay Gould的话对此书作出高度评价，因此可以看出它是一篇典型的书评。而A项的意思是“这篇文章看起来像是书评的摘要”，故A对。
文章难句精析
1.【文章难句】Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines.
【结构分析】句中的“Rumor has it that...”相当于“there is a rumor that...”，意为“据传闻”，如：Rumor has it that/there is a rumor that pop star will come next month.据传闻，那位歌星下个月要来这里。此外，in the pipeline对全句的理解构成影响。但是也可通过下一句a few have already appeared(一些已经出版)得出其“尚未出版，尚未问世”的含义。in the pipeline:在进行中，在生产中，在处理中，在运输中。如:I have a term paper in the pipeline.我正在撰写一篇论文。
【参考译文】据说有20多本有关创世纪论与进化论之争的书即将面世。
2.【文章难句】The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
【结构分析】该句的主干是“The goal will be to try to explain...”，explain后接的sb.和sth.是双宾语，直接宾语是一个that引导的从句。origin和evolution,universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。
【参考译文】所有这些书的目的都是在试图告诫那些迷惑的常常还不开明的芸芸众生：就宇宙和生命的起源以及发展问题而言，不可能存在两种都成立的科学理论。
3.【文章难句】“scientific”creationism,which is being pushed by some for“equal time”in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given,is based on religion,not science.
【结构分析】该句的主干是：“scientific”creationism is based on religion,not science,而中间是用which引导的非限定性定语从句对creationism进一步说明，whenever引导时间状语从句。some意思是：一些人，介词for表示目的。
【参考译文】而“科学”创世纪论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”去解释它——是基于宗教的，不基于科学。
核心词汇或短语回顾
① cosmic [ 'kɔzmik ] adj.宇宙的 ② cosmology [ kɔz'mɔlədʒi ] n.宇宙论，宇宙哲学 ③ tactics [ 'tæktiks ] n.策略 ④ deceive [ di'si:v ] v.欺骗，蒙蔽 ⑤ editorial [ edi'tɔ:riəl ] n.社论 ⑥ rumor has it that 据传说，根据传闻 ⑦ deception [ di'sepʃən ] n.欺骗 |
Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation
文章大意
由于政府采取措施干涉科学的发展，因而导致了在一定程度上各学科研究的发展程度不同。政府应该投资给谁这个问题颇有争议。有时可以依据科学的实用性，有时可以看其科学体系是否完美，其实完美的系统的科学有时却并不能够解决世界上的某些问题。
全文精译、题目出处及英汉对照
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority,act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.(72)This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. (73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting“good”as opposed to“bad”science,but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally,the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.(74)However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.(75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.
科学研究的各个领域相对发展不平衡，其中存在很多原因。(71)这些原因中，有些完全是社会需求的必然结果。另外一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而带来的特定发展所产生的必然结果。然而，不同的发展过程中，有些不怎么合理——在这些发展过程中，一些权威人士对科学研究应该采取的方式有偏见，从而改变了不同科学领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题，也许该问题并非不可避免，但它却是一种可怕的趋势。(72)这种趋势始于二战，当时，一些国家的政府得出结论：政府想要了解的科研机构的具体要求一般不可能预先知道得很详细。不过，人们可以预见，不时会出现一些问题，需要科学做出具体回答。因此，把科研机构看成是一种设备或一种机械，应该保持其良好运行，这样做通常很有价值。(73)通过资助一定数量的科研似乎能有效地做到这一点，这些科研可能与近期目标无关，但将来可能会产生影响。
这种资助就像所有的政府资助一样，需要决定资金的合适接受对象。根据项目是否有效用来做决策简单明了。但在那些没有直接效用的项目中做抉择就难多了。如果资助机构的目标是支持“有益的”而非“有害的”的科学，那就值得赞扬，但是很难对此做出正确抉择。一般来说，人们倾向于把一门科学是否有益同该有争议的学术领域是否有能力形成一套完善的理论混淆一气。(74)然而，世界就是如此，大体上完善的理论体系不可能解答世界上更吸引人、更令人愉快的某些问题。(75)同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式，也会出现新的思维主题，从而形成新的完善标准。
答案详解
71.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent selfaccelerating.
【考核知识点】独立主格的翻译和并列结构
【结构分析】“Some...Others...”是并列结构，其中“Others”为指示代词，指代“other causes”; “in science being to some extent selfaccelerating”是修饰“advances”的;“in science being to some extent selfaccelerating”是独立主格结构;“selfaccelerating”应译为“自我加速”;“to some extent”应译为“在一定程度上”。本题得分点：“these causes”指代成分的理解;“reasonable”的翻译;“in science being to some extent selfaccelerating”的理解及翻译。
【翻译要点】some 和others连用表示“一些……另一些……”。others在此由于为指代词，故应译为另外一些原因或另外一些。being to some extent selfaccelerating是表示科学进步的原因，所以翻译时，加上“由于”一词，不可译成“由于在某些方面高速发展”，应译为于在某种程度上自我加速发展”。to some extent意为“在一定程度上”，particular意为“特定的，特别的”。注意reasonable的译法。在completely reasonable中，直译为“完全合理的”，意译是“完全是自然而然的或合理的”。在reasonable consequences中，直译为“合理的结果”，意译是“必然的结果”。
【词汇点滴】注意to some extent是固定词组，意为“在某些程度上”;completely reasonable(results)直译为“完全合理的”，亦可意译为“自然而然的”。
【参考译文】在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另外一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而带来的特定发展所产生的必然结果。
72.This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
【考核知识点】同位语从句、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法
【结构分析】本句主干为“This trend began...”此处的“when”引导的是非限定性定语从句，修饰“the Second World War”;“conclusion”后面的“that”引导同位语从句;“demands”后面的“that”引导定语从句，用的是被动语态;“make of”应译为“了解”;“in detail”应译为“详细地”。本题得分点：“this trend”指代成分的理解;句子主干的理解;“came to the conclusion”的翻译;两个“that”所引导句子成分的理解;“make of”的翻译;“science establishment”的翻译;“forseen”的翻译;“in detail”的翻译。
【翻译要点】这是个主从复合句，句中的when为关系副词，应翻译为“那时，当时”，不能翻译成“当……的时候”。trend翻译成“趋势，倾向”，不能翻译成“潮流”。estblishment意为“机构”。in detail含义是“详尽地”。make demands of 意义是“对……提要求”，of表示对象。governments根据上下文指国家的政府，翻译时，可增加“国家”一词。
【词汇点滴】许多考生把scientific establishment译成“科学基地，科学装置”，这是对establishment一词掌握不够的缘故，应是“科研机构”。
【参考译文】这种趋势始于二战，当时，一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求一般不可能预先知道得很详细。
73.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
【考核知识点】代词指代、词语搭配和状语的位置。
【结构分析】这是一个简单句。“This”指代的是前句话“It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.”;“by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.”整个结构作状语，修饰“done”;“not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future”作后置定语，修饰“research”;本题得分点：“this”指代成分的理解;“mostly”的翻译;“by”引导短语所作成分的理解;“supporting”的翻译;“not...but...”的翻译;“related to”的翻译;“immediate goals”的翻译。
【翻译要点】mostly 的含义是“通常地，主要地，大多数地”，不能误译为“最”。“not...but...”应译为“不是……而是……”。“of+名词”结构表示事物的特性，of possible consequence的意义是“可能有作用的”。再如：of importance重要的。
【词汇点滴】support支持，资助;immediate goals 近期目标
【参考译文】给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
74.However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
【考核知识点】选译词义
【结构分析】这是个主从复合句，本句主干是“The world is made”,其中“so...that...”引导结果状语从句;“elegant systems”应译为“完善的体系”;“in principle”“原则上”;“deal with”应译为“解答”。本题得分点：“so...that”引导句子作用的理解;“elegant systems”的翻译;“in principle”的翻译;“deal with”的翻译;“fascinating and delightful aspects”的翻译。
【翻译要点】elegant的意义是“完美的，完善的，完整的”。in principle的含义是在原则上，基本上可译为“一般”。句中的...elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with...应译为“完美的体系一般来讲是无法解决……”。aspect根据上下文可译为“课题”。
【词汇点滴】elegant和下面第75题中的所提及的elegance都与systems,thought,subjects有关，显然不能译成“优雅的”，这里指的elegant systems应该译为“完美的体系”。此外亦可从作者的口气推断，它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论，现实上却无法解决世界上的某些问题;aspects的意思是指世界的各个方面，种种问题;in principle意为“原则上来说，一般而言”;deal with意为“处理，解决”。
【参考译文】然而，世界就是如此，大体上完善的理论体系是无法解答世界上某些更引人入胜、更令人愉快的课题的。
75.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.
【考核知识点】省略句的译法、as well as和must的译法。
【结构分析】这是一个主从复合句，其主要结构是：New forms of thought...must arise in the future as they have.“as well as new subjects for thought”与前面的“New forms of thought”并不构成复数;“as they have in the past”是一个省略从句，have 后省掉了arisen其中的“they”指代的是前面的“新的思维方式”;“giving rise to new standards of elegance”是分词短语，作前面句子的伴随状语;。本题得分点：“as well as”的翻译;“subjects”的翻译;“arise”的翻译;“as”引导从句作用的理解及翻译;“giving rise to...”短语作用理解及翻译。
【翻译要点】as well as的含义是正如……一样“和，还有”，arise的含义是“出现，兴起”，不能误译为“升起”，give rise to是词组，含义是“引起，导致”。
【词汇点滴】“must”应译为“必定，必然”，“new standards of elegance”意为“新的完善标准”。
【参考译文】同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维主题，从而给完美以新的标准。
Part V Writing
作文类型命题加提纲式作文
写作思路
作为一篇命题加提纲式作文，又提供了开始句，所以它有明确的主题：健康的重要性。主题明确之后，就要按提纲要求，进一步阐述保持健康的措施;然后指出对自我而言理想的措施。文章开头重在议论，后两段重在描述，是典型的论说结合文。
审题与谋篇
根据提纲所示，本文需分三段展开。第一段重点突出重要性，可以用正反对比的手法去写，给人以深刻的印象。第二段，可以列举一二，但不必展开。第三段，应描述自己的亲身经历。但应注意，第三段的自身做法应呼应第二段的举例，这样使得文章结构较严谨。
写作误区
1.跑题
本题的第三段要求考生谈谈自己的做法，但有的考生对题中practices一词产生误解，把它看成是“实践”，而写成“实践”是很错误的，因此跑题。
2.谋篇
此文三段虽相互关联，但所占比重基本一致。因此，有的考生写第一段所用篇幅过长，而末段又过于简短，造成文章整体比例失调，常因头重脚轻而丢分。也有的同学将第二段写得过于详尽，举例过细，重在描写刻画，而非说明，也是误解本题初衷。
背诵范文
Good Health
As the proverb says, “One doesn’t know the value of health until he loses it.” Indeed, good health enables one to enjoy his life and achieve what he eagers to get in his career. Those who are rich but lose their health are no more happy and fortunate than those poor but healthy people. So if a person wants his wishes to come true, of all the elements, health is the most important ingredient of his success.
Now that we know health is the resource of our energy, then what should we do to keep fit? Firstly, one should try to give up some bad habits that damage his health, such as overeating, drinking, smoking, and so on. Secondly, those who are always under great pressure of work should find time to relax because too much stress can lead to illness. Finally, it is important for one to do lots of physical exercises, which are quite essential for a healthy mind and body.
As for me, physical exercises have changed me completely. I was once weak and often caught cold. Recently, I have attended the calisthenic practice organized by our university and have benefited a lot from it. To my amazement, I find my life full of sunshine spirit and energy, with my body in good health condition.
1996年考研英语真题专家点评
1996年英语硕士研究生入学考试试卷难度适中，较全面地考查了考生的英语语言知识及读写能力，达到了规定的或预期的质量标准。试卷抽样统计结果为：平均分47.33。
1.对今天的考生而言，试卷的词汇与语法部分仍有练习价值，可帮助考生加强基本功。
2.本卷完型填空难度适中，满分10分，平均分5.7分，难度主要集中在第45，49和50题上。说明考生对词义的把握以及对句内和句际逻辑的理解能力还有待提高。
3.阅读理解有一定难度。从内容上看，第三篇及第五篇不易理解，考生应细读;从语篇结构上看，第一和第二篇中的转折词对考生把握文章思路很关键;第四篇文章为双重语篇结构的叠用，值得考生细细体会。从问题来看，51题(句义题)，52题(写作意图)，54题(实为词义题)，57题(词义题)，60题(细节题)，64题(推论题)，66题(主旨题)，68(细节题)，69题(推论题)均为难题，考生应针对不同题型，注意归纳总结。
4.翻译的短文讲的是科学研究各个领域的发展存在差距的几个原因，划线句子结构复杂，词义灵活，不太好译。满分15分，平均分6.97分。其中，第72题涉及when引导的定语从句，不少考生会误以为是时间状语从句，同时，许多考生也不能识别句中demands...cannot generally be foreseen 这样的主谓分割现象。第73题中not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future 为后置定语现象，修饰前面的research,不少考生看不懂。可见，各种复杂的句法现象仍是我们考生的薄弱环节。
5.本卷作文为提纲性作文，比较容易，考生只需根据三个提纲展开三个段落就行。
距2017年考研考试
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在我快被考研数学虐哭时，是京师考研的老师们耐心的解答，一边边讲解知识点的帮助，让我渐渐增加了考研信心。衷心感谢网校老师！
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课程讲解很详细，讲义也非常详细。听完课程，做做练习册，很容易就掌握了知识。京师考研的老师们辛苦啦！
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老师讲课很好，重点分明，层次很清楚，跟着老师学了一段时间，感觉自己复习起来思路也清晰了很多，很见功力，不愧是考研辅导界实力派老师！
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在我快被考研数学虐哭时，是京师考研的老师们耐心的解答，一边边讲解知识点的帮助，让我渐渐增加了考研信心。衷心感谢网校老师！
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这平台太给力了！不但能电脑听课，还可以用手机听课，用pad听课。解答问题也非常快速，最最重要的是非常非常负责任！顶起！
学员：17080116
课程讲解很详细，讲义也非常详细。听完课程，做做练习册，很容易就掌握了知识。京师考研的老师们辛苦啦！
学员：changqing
老师讲课很好，重点分明，层次很清楚，跟着老师学了一段时间，感觉自己复习起来思路也清晰了很多，很见功力，不愧是考研辅导界实力派老师！
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