2009年英语一真题

　　2018年考研的帷幕已经拉开，京师杏林的小编为大家找来了2009年英语一真题，大家要重视真题，夯实基础，为12月的考研打下坚实的基础

　　2009年考研英语真题

　　2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

　　英语试题

　　Section I Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. _1­­_ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly __2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) __4 in not being too bright.

　　Intelligence, it __5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow __6 _ the starting line because it depends on learning — a(n)__7 _ process — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to __8 .

　　Is there an adaptive value to __9 _ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance __10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real __11 of our own intelligence might be. This is __12 the mind of every animal we’ve ever met.

　　Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would __13_ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, __14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that __15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to __16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really __17 , not merely how much of it there is. __18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? __20 the results are inconclusive.

　　1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine

　　2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened

　　3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer

　　4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority

　　5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward

　　6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along

　　7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual

　　8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think

　　9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different

　　10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward

　　11. [A] features [B] influences C] results [D] costs

　　12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across

　　13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply

　　14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance

　　15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest

　　16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach

　　17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with

　　18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise

　　19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile

　　20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.

　　So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

　　Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try – the more we step outside our comfort zone – the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our own personal lives.

　　But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

　　“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

　　All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

　　The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will... and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.

　　21. In Wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being

　　[A] casual. [B] familiar. [C] mechanical. [D] changeable.

　　22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habits can be

　　[A] predicted. [B] regulated. [C] traced. [D] guided.

　　23. The word “ruts” (Line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to

　　[A] tracks. [B] series. [C] characteristics. [D] connections.

　　24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that

　　[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.

　　[B] innovativeness could be taught.

　　[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.

　　[D] curiosity activates creative minds.

　　25. Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing

　　[A] prevents new habits from being formed.

　　[B] no longer emphasizes commonness.

　　[C] maintains the inherent American thinking model.

　　[D] complies with the American belief system.

　　Text 2

　　It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.

　　More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

　　Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists --- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .

　　Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

　　But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors --- numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

　　Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

　　26. In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s

　　[A] easy availability.

　　[B] flexibility in pricing.

　　[C] successful promotion.

　　[D] popularity with households.

　　27. PTK is used to

　　[A] locate one’s birth place.

　　[B] promote genetic research.

　　[C] identify parent-child kinship.

　　[D] choose children for adoption.

　　28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to

　　[A] trace distant ancestors.

　　[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines.

　　[C] fully use genetic information.

　　[D] achieve the claimed accuracy.

　　29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is

　　[A] disorganized data collection.

　　[B] overlapping database building.

　　[C] excessive sample comparison.

　　[D] lack of patent evaluation.

　　30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be

　　[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.

　　[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems.

　　[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab.

　　[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing.

　　Text 3

　　The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

　　Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts as a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

　　More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

　　What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

　　As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

　　31. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries

　　[A] is subject to groundless doubts.

　　[B] has fallen victim of bias.

　　[C] is conventionally downgraded.

　　[D] has been overestimated.

　　32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system

　　[A] challenges economists and politicians.

　　[B] takes efforts of generations.

　　[C] demands priority from the government.

　　[D] requires sufficient labor force.

　　33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that

　　[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.

　　[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.

　　[C] the U.S workforce has a better education.

　　[D] the U.S workforce is more organized.

　　34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged

　　[A] when people had enough time.

　　[B] prior to better ways of finding food.

　　[C] when people on longer went hungry.

　　[D] as a result of pressure on government.

　　35. According to the last paragraph, development of education

　　[A] results directly from competitive environments.

　　[B] does not depend on economic performance .

　　[C] follows improved productivity.

　　[D] cannot afford political changes.

　　Text 4

　　The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

　　To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church --- important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

　　The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

　　We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope --- all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.

　　Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.”

　　36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England

　　[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.

　　[B] intellectual interests were encouraged .

　　[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

　　[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

　　37. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders

　　[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

　　[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World.

　　[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life.

　　[D] were obsessed with religious innovations.

　　38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay

　　[A] were famous in the New World for their writings.

　　[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs.

　　[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World.

　　[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.

　　39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often

　　[A] influenced by superstitions.

　　[B] troubled with religious beliefs.

　　[C] puzzled by church sermons.

　　[D] frustrated with family earnings.

　　40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England

　　[A] were mostly engaged in political activities.

　　[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect.

　　[C] came from different backgrounds.

　　[D] left few formal records for later reference.

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.

　　American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________________.

　　In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._______________________ .

　　Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44.______________________.

　　Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45._______________________.

　　Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

　　[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

　　[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

　　[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

　　[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

　　[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

　　[F]Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

　　[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

　　There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

　　But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

　　(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ” is still going on.

　　Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to

　　1) give your opinions briefly and

　　2) make two or three suggestions

　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the drawing briefly,

　　2) explain its intended meaning, and then

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　答案：

　　Section Ⅰ

　　1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A

　　6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A C

　　Section Ⅱ

　　Part A

　　21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C

　　26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A C

　　Part B

　　41-45 C E A B G

　　Part C

　　46. 译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用， 但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

　　47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢

　　48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

　　49.译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

　　50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。

　　Section Ⅲ

　　Part A

　　Dear editor，

　　I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter to inform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.

　　Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white pollution” for granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to give the following suggestions:

　　First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using the plastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media can make full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhance people’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should be developed to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.

　　I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.

　　Sincerely yours，

　　Li Ming

　　Part B

　　As we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of a computer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in the drawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.

　　It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaning of the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life. There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living, making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internet makes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN or ICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer to each other.

　　However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture, people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. They choose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to the fictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficient communication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting with their children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting online with friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore, internet seems to make near people far away.

　　Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hot issue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we should also bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions. Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-face communication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.

　　答案详解

　　第一部分 英语知识运用

　　这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts(“聪明的代价”)。文章以果蝇实验为例，论述了对动物智力的研究所带给人们的启示，即聪明是要付出代价的问题。

　　参考译文：

　　对动物智能的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明。让我们想一想卡尔·齐默发表在《科学时代》杂志上的文章所描述的果蝇试验。有些果蝇受到训练，它们要比普通果蝇聪明，但寿命往往比普通果蝇短。这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间会更长，同时也表明不那么明亮其实是灯泡的一个优势。

　　事实证明，智力是要付出昂贵的代价的。它需要更高的给养、消耗更多的燃料，离开起点时速度比较缓慢，这是因为智力依靠的是学习(一个循序渐进的过程)而不是一种本能。许多其他的物种也有学习的能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。

　　有限的智力是否有适应值呢?这也是这个新研究的课题。这个课题不是去回顾那些智商远远落后于我们的那些物种，而是含蓄地问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。我们见过的每种动物都有这种想法。

　　对动物智力的研究也让我们思考这样一个问题：如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类作什么样的实验。比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。我相信，如果动物也能进行试验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度，忠诚度，以及对地形的记忆力。他们会试图判定人类智力的真正用处是什么，而不仅仅是判定人类到底有多高的智力。最重要的是，他们希望研究一个最基本的问题：人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界?对此，目前仍无定论。

　　重要词汇：

　　upkeep 保养，维持

　　adaptive 适应的

　　wistful渴望的，惆怅的

　　cast a glance backward 回顾

　　leave sb/sth in the dust把某人/某物远远地甩/落在后面

　　operant conditioning操作性条件反射

　　inconclusive非决定性的，无结果的

　　答案解析：

　　1. [B] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查动词词义，Suppose假设， Observe观察， Imagine想象，Consider 考虑，后面的宾语是“ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer in the Science Times”，即“”，后面接着说了实验的结果及其含义。将四个选项代入文中，最符合符合语境的就是Consider考虑，这句话的意思是“让我们考虑考虑卡尔·齐默发表在《科学时代》杂志上的文章所描述的果蝇试验”。

　　2. [A] 惯用衔接题。

　　解析：本题考查动词短语， tend to 表示“有 … 倾向，往往 … ”， fear to表示“唯恐 … ”，happen to表示“碰巧…”， be threatened to 表示“被恐吓 … ”。文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往比普通果蝇寿命较短，填tend to符合题意，这句话的意思是“受到训练的果蝇要比普通果蝇聪明，但寿命往往比普通果蝇短”。

　　3. [D] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查形容词， lighter 更轻的， thinner 更瘦的， stabler 更稳定的， dimmer 比较暗淡的。本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短” 推出 “灯泡越暗使用时间越长”，故选D符合题意。lighter，thinner，stabler 一般不用于修饰bulb(灯泡)。这句话的意思是“这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间会更长”。

　　4. [B] 逻辑推理题。

　　解析：本题考查逻辑关系和词义辨析，tendency 倾向， advantage 优势， inclination 倾向， priority 优先权。由前半句 “bulbs burn longer” (灯泡越暗使用时间越长)推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”，因此advantage最符合题意。这句话的意思是“同时也表明不那么明亮其实是灯泡的一个优势”。

　　5. [C] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查动词短语， turns out 证明是，结果是， insist on 坚持， sum up 总结， put forward 提出。根据第一段的内容，Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly tend to live shorter lives. This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright. 即果蝇越聪明寿命越短，灯泡越暗淡使用时间越长，可以证明智力是要付出代价的，因此turn out符合这儿的意思。这句话的意思是“事实证明，智力是要付出昂贵的代价的”。

　　6. [A] 逻辑衔接题。

　　解析：本题考查介词，off 表示“离开”，behind表示“在…之后”，over表示“在…之上”，along表示“沿着…”。根据上下文可知，这儿表示离开起点时，off比较合适。而along是沿着，沿着起点意思上说不过去，故只能选off。这句话的意思是“它需要更高的给养、消耗更多的燃料，离开起点时速度比较缓慢”。

　　7. [D] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查形容词。incredible 难以置信的， spontaneous 自发的， inevitable 不可避免的， gradual 渐进的。根据文中的意思，智力取决于学习，而学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选 gradual。这句话的意思是“这是因为智力依靠的是学习(一个循序渐进的过程)而不是一种本能”。

　　8. [C] 逻辑推理题。

　　解析：本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。四个选项中， fight 斗争， doubt 怀疑，stop 停止，think 思考，正确答案为 C。这句话的意思是“许多其他的物种也有学习的能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止”。

　　9. [B] 语义搭配题。

　　解析：本题考查形容词，修饰 intelligence 。 invisible 看不见的， indefinite 不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，可以首先排除。 different 不同的， limited 有限的，都可以与intelligence搭配，但是，通读上下文，会发现这里要强调的并不是不同的物种智力不同，而是所有物种的智力都是有限的，所以 limited 符合文意。这句话的意思是“有限的智力是否有适应值呢?”

　　10. [D] 固定搭配题。

　　解析：本题考查固定搭配，cast a glance backward 意思为“回顾”。其他选项：upward 向上，forward向前，afterward后来，都不能与之搭配。这句话的意思是“不是去回顾那些智商远远落后于我们的那些物种”。

　　11. [D] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查名词，feature 特征， influence 影响， result 结果， cost 代价。根据前文可以知道，聪明是有代价的：比如果蝇越聪明寿命越短，因而 cost “代价”与文中“事实证明，智力是要付出代价”相呼应, 符合文章主旨。这句话的意思是“它(这个研究)含蓄地问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。”

　　12. [B] 惯用搭配题。

　　解析：本题考查介词，on the mind of sb.表示“挂在某人心上，使某人担心”， by the mind “通过思考”， across 常用于come across one’s mind短语中，表示“忽然想到”outside 不与 mind 的搭配。 前面一句说到人们问自己智力真正的代价是什么的问题，这一句紧接上文，说这个问题也是我们所遇到的每个动物所关心的问题，也就是每个动物都挂在心上的，因此on the mind of every animal符合题意。这句话的意思是“我们见过的每种动物都有这种想法”。

　　13. [C] 惯用搭配题。

　　解析：本题考查动词，与之搭配的宾语是 experiments ，选项中只有perform 能与 experiments 搭配，表示“做实验”。 deliver 递送， carry 运送， apply 应用，都不与experiment搭配。这句话的意思是“如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类作什么样的实验”。

　　14. [D] 逻辑衔接题。

　　解析：本题考查介词短语，属逻辑衔接题。前一句提到 experiments ，本句提到一个具体的实验，所以选 for instance 例如，表示举例说明。 其他短语意思：by chance 偶然， in contrast 相反，as usual 像往常一样。这句话的意思是“比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究”。

　　15. [A] 逻辑衔接题。

　　解析：本题考查连词，由后半句中 they would test us to 可推测本句使用了虚拟语气，选项中 if 可以引导虚拟条件句。 unless 除非， as 正如， lest 唯恐。这句话的意思是“如果动物进行试验”。

　　16. [C] 语义推理题。

　　解析：本题考查动词，所填动词应表明实验的目的，并且所填动词的宾语是 limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain ，选项中“ determine 确定”符合题意，并与下文的 decide 相呼应。 moderate 减轻，缓和， overcome 克服， reach 达到。本句的意思是“他们会测定我们的忍耐度，忠诚度，以及对地形的记忆力”。

　　17. [B] 介词辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查介词，四个选项中 for 表示目的，这个句子的正常句序是 intelligence in humans is really for what，即人类智力的真正用处是什么。at 在，于;after在…之后; with同…一起。这句话的意思是“他们会试图判定人类智力的真正用处是什么”。

　　18. [A] 逻辑推理题。

　　解析：本题考查逻辑关系。这个句子位于段末，显然起到总结性的作用。四个选项中， Above all 最重要， After all 毕竟， However 然而， Otherwise 否则。根据上下文，本句意思应该是“最重要的是，他们希望研究一个最基本的问题”，故选 Above all 。

　　19. [A] 词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查形容词，修饰 question 。 fundamental 基本的， comprehensive 全面的， equivalent 相等的， hostile 敌对的。由句后问题的内容Are humans actually aware of the world they live in(人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界)，可推出这是一个最基本和重要的问题，所以选 fundamental。本句的意思是“他们希望研究一个最基本的问题”。

　　20. [C] 逻辑衔接与词义辨析题。

　　解析：本题考查副词。空前说“想研究这个问题”，空后说“结果还不确定”。四个选项中， By accident “偶然”， In time “及时”， So far “到目前为止”， Better still “更好的是”，只有 So far 符合语意。这句话的意思是“对此，目前仍无定论”。

　　第二部分 阅读理解

　　Part A

　　第一篇文章

　　选自2008年5月4日《纽约时报》，题目为Can You Become a Creature of New Habits? (你可以成为新习惯的形成者吗?)。本文主要论述了可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来培养人们的创造力的问题：虽然旧有习惯不可更改，但可以通过刻意培养新习惯避开旧有路径，达到创新的目的;标准测试突出了分析和程式，却忽略了人类天生的创新和相互协作的思维模式的使用。

　　参考译文：

　　习惯是件非常奇妙的事。我们的习惯在无意识的状态下就能行成，习惯使我们的头脑处于自动导航状态，并且放松地进入一种无意识的惯性的舒适之中。威廉·华兹华斯早在19世纪就说过：“不是选择而是习惯主宰着不会思考的兽群。”在日新月异的21世纪，甚至连“习惯”这个词都散发着消极的含义。

　　因此，在谈论创造力和革新的背景下讨论习惯问题，似乎有点自相矛盾。但是脑科研究人员已经发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯时，大脑内就会生成平行路径，甚至全新的脑细胞，这些脑细胞能将我们的思维导向全新的、富有创意的轨道。

　　与其认为我们固有的习惯不可更改，不如通过有意识地培养新习惯以做出改变。事实上，我们尝试的新事物越多，也就是说，我们越远离自己的舒适范围，不论在职场上还是在个人生活上，我们就越具有创造性。

　　但是，我们也不必费心地去摈弃旧有的习惯;一旦形成思维定式，它们就将永久地被储存在大脑。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯能生成平行思维路径，这些思维路径会避开那些旧有的路径。

　　《开放的心灵》一书的作者朵娜·马可瓦说：“创新的首要条件就是酷爱非凡的事物。但我们接受的教育不是要求我们热爱非凡事物而是要求我们‘做出决定’，正如我们的老板称自己是‘决策者’一样。”然而，她补充说道：“决策意味着保留一种可能而摈弃所有其他的可能。一名出色的创新思想者总是试图探索很多其他的可能性选择。”

　　她说，我们所有的人都是以自己没有觉察到的方法来解决问题的。20世纪60年代晚期，研究者们发现,人类天生就能以四种主要的方法来解决面临的挑战。这四种方法是：分析法、程序法、相关法(又称相互协作法)和革新法。然而，在青春期就要结束时，大脑就关闭了其中的两种功能，只保留了在生命最初的十几年里看起来似乎最有价值的思维方法。

　　现在，人们强调标准测试，这实际上突出了分析和程式，意味着很少有人天生就使用创新和相互协作的思维模式。M.J.·赖安是2006年出版的《今年我打算…》一书的作者，也是马可瓦女士的生意伙伴，她说：“这有悖于美国信仰体系的主要信仰，即每个人都无所不能。这是我们长久以来编造的一个谎言，这个谎言造就了平庸。了解自己擅长什么并且在此方面更加努力就能走向卓越。”这才正是培养新习惯的开端。

　　重要词汇：

　　mindlessly不注意地，无意识地

　　auto-pilot自动驾驶仪

　　unreflecting不反省的，不思考的

　　paradoxical自相矛盾的

　　comfort zone 舒适范围

　　inherently天性地，固有地

　　kill off消灭，摒弃

　　rut 车辙，常规

　　bypass绕过，避开

　　analytically分析地，分析法地

　　procedurally程序上地

　　relationally 相关地，有关地

　　collaboratively协作地，合作地

　　innovatively革新地，创新地

　　adolescence 青春期

　　highlight突出，强调

　　perpetuate使永存，使永远活着

　　答案解析：

　　21.[C] 事实细节题。意为： 华兹华斯认为,习惯的特点就是

　　解析： 本题问的是Wordsworth对habit的观点，根据人名定位到第一段，“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century(威廉·华兹华斯早在19世纪就说过：“不是选择而是习惯主宰着不会思考的兽群”)。选项[C] mechanical (机械的)可以说是对unreflecting的替换。此外文章第二句中提到 We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine(我们的习惯在无意识的状态下就能行成，习惯使我们的头脑处于自动导航状态，并且放松地进入一种无意识的惯性的舒适之中)，从这个表述中可以看出习惯的形成过程完全是一种无意状态下的机械活动。因此，正确选项为[C]。[A] casual不经意的，[B] familiar熟悉的， [D] changeable可变化的。

　　22. [D] 事实细节题。意为：脑研究者发现，习惯的形成可以被

　　解析：我们定位到第二段So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. (因此，在谈论创造力和革新的背景下讨论习惯问题，似乎有点自相矛盾。但是脑科研究人员已经发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯时，大脑内就会生成平行路径，甚至全新的脑细胞，这些脑细胞能将我们的思维导向全新的、富有创意的轨道。)第一句说creativity 和innovation 与habit是互不相容的，接着文章用but表示转折，在这种情况下我们可以推测后面的内容是讲creativity 和innovation与habit是相容的，研究者发现了什么呢?当我们有意识地(consciously)形成新的习惯时，我们甚至能够创造全新的脑细胞，这能够将我们的思绪导向全新的、富有创意的轨道。由此可见研究人员认为习惯的形成是可以被引导的。故[D]guided引导的是正确选项。[A] predicted预见的，[B] regulated管理的，[C] traced 追踪的。

　　23.[A] 词义推断题。意为：“ruts”这个词在意思上最贴近于

　　解析：本题为词义推断题，必须从上下文中加以理解，But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads(但是，我们也不必费心地去摈弃旧有的习惯;一旦形成思维定式，它们就将永久地被储存在大脑的海马区。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯能生成平行思维路径将，这些思维路径会避开那些旧有的路径)，首先我们由they’re there to stay，知道ruts是一个具体的东西，接着由the new habits create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.我们可以知道ruts与pathways和roads应该是同义替换的，由此选择[A]tracks痕迹，轨迹。[B]series系列，[C]characteristics特点，[D]connections联系。

　　24.[D] 事实细节题。意为：朵娜·马可瓦最可能同意

　　解析：根据人名Dawna Markova我们可以定位到最第5段，由“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova(Markova说认为创新最需要的就是对非凡事情的着迷)，因此选[D]curiosity activates creative minds。而 [A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind观点来源于放松的头脑，是利用文中出现的relaxing加以编制的选项，文中没有对应的句子[B] innovative- ness could be taught创新能够被传授，虽然文中最后一段Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in(了解自己擅长什么并且在此方面更加努力就能走向卓越。”这才正是培养新习惯的开端)，但只是说doing even more of it creates excellence.并没有交代是本人自觉地多做，还是被“taught”地多做。[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas果断来自于奇特的想法，文中没有关于果断的信息。

　　25. [A] 事实细节题。意为：赖安的评论意味着标准化测试

　　解析：本题难度较大，可以通过排除法做出选择。我们首先找到文中关于标准化测试的描述The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.大意为目前标准化测试只强调了analysis与procedure，这从根本上使得很少有人能够使用 innovative与collaborative的思维模式，而前面一段提到，人天生的思维模式包含四种，因此[C] maintains the inherent American thinking model坚持天生的美国思维模式 不正确;接着我们找到Ryan的评论，This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything. That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. 由第一句，“这有悖于美国信仰体系的主要信仰，即每个人都无所不能，”我们可以判断 [D] complies with the American belief system与美国的信仰体系一致 这个选项不正确;第二句“这是我们长久以来编造的一个谎言，这个谎言造就了平庸”，可以断定[B] no longer emphasizes commonness不再强调平庸 也不正确;只剩下[A] prevents new habits from being formed阻止了新习惯的形成。那么从文中哪地方可以判断[A]正确呢。请看Ryan评论的最后一句话，“了解自己擅长什么并且在此方面更加努力就能走向卓越”以及文章最后一句话，This is where developing new habits comes in. 这才正是培养新习惯的开端。这句话紧跟在Ryan的评论之后，是对其评论的总结和意义所在。因此[A]项正确。

　　第二篇文章

　　节选自2008年11月14日的《科学美国人》题目为Who's Your Daddy? The Answer May Be at the Drugstore.(谁是你父亲?答案或许就在药店)。这是一篇科普类文章，介绍了在美国基因检测血缘关系的技术的普及以及其局限性和问题。

　　参考译文：

　　了解自己的孩子的父亲是明智的父亲，但现在人们可以提升自己作为父亲的智慧---或者至少证实自己是孩子的爸爸。他只需付30美元即可在当地的药店买一套亲子关系鉴定包(PTK)-- 另外再付120美元就可得到鉴定结果。

　　身份基因公司是一家生产不需处方可以直接出售的PTK的公司。该公司的首席运营官达格佛格说，自从去年不需要处方即购可买之后，己经超过 6 万人购买了 PTK。有二十多家公司直接向公众出售DNA鉴定，价格从几百美元到2500美元不等。

　　其中最受欢迎的是父子血缘鉴定。被收养的孩子可以通过它来找到与自己具有血缘关系的亲属，收养孩子的家庭也可以通过它来了解收养孩子的情况。DNA鉴定最近也引起了谱系学者的强烈愤怒，因为它支持提供寻找家族的祖籍服务的生意。

　　大部分的鉴定需要通过从口中拭取唾液来收集细胞，然后送往公司进行检测。所有的这些检测都需要有一个潜在的候选人以便与他的DNA进行比对。

　　但是有些观察者对此持怀疑态度。纽约大学的社会学家特洛伊·达斯特说：“那些正在做祖先鉴定的人们所宣扬的祖先鉴定的精确度其实是错的。”他注意到，每个人都有很多的祖先---往前推几百年就可以找到成百的祖先。然而，大多数祖先鉴定只考虑一个世系，或者是通过男子继承的父亲方面的Y染色体，或者是从母亲一方遗传下来的线粒体DNA。这种DNA只能显示约一到两个祖先的基因信息，即使还会有六个其他的曾祖父母或者有14个其他的曾曾祖父母，假如我们仅往前推三代或者四代的话。

　　批评家还认为，商业基因鉴定实际上只相当于拿样本进行比对的参考信息。有些公司使用的数据库并不依赖于系统的数据收集而是把不同研究机构收集的信息合在一起。这就意味着处理数据的公司不同，所用 DNA 数据库也会不同。另外，一个公司用来鉴定血缘关系的计算机程序可能是受到专利保护的，不能受制于同行的评论和外部的评价。

　　重要词汇：

　　boost 提升，增加

　　paternal父亲的，父系的

　　shell out 交付，支付

　　paternity 父亲的地位/身份

　　kit 成套装备，工具箱

　　over-the-counter柜台交易的，(买药)不用处方的

　　kinship血族关系

　　genealogists系谱学者，系谱专家

　　swab用拭子拭抹或擦净

　　saliva唾液，口水

　　hawk 兜售，叫卖

　　lineage血统，世系

　　chromosome(生)染色体

　　mitochondrial线粒体的

　　lump together把…合在一起

　　答案解析：

　　26. [A] 推理判断题。 意为：文章第一、二段表明了PTK 的

　　解析：文章首段最后一句话All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results(只需花 30 美元在地方药房作亲子鉴定-- 另外再付120美元就可得到鉴定结果)， 第二段第一句More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year(自从去年不需要处方即购可买之后，己经超过 6 万人购买了 PTK )。可以知道文章第一、二段主要说明了PTK很容易买到，因此选项[A] easy availability容易得到 为正确答案。从第二段整段我们可以看出，关于鉴定价格浮动只在第二段最后一句有所体现，因而[B] flexibility in pricing灵活的价格 不能算一、二段的大意;[C]successful promotion成功促销 文中未提到;[D]popularity with households受家庭欢迎 属过度推断。

　　27. [C] 事实细节题。 意为： PTK 是用来

　　解析：从文中第三段Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives(被收养的孩子可以通过亲子鉴定找到他具有血缘关系的亲属)，这个意思同[C] identify parent-child kinship鉴定亲子关系 的表述是一致的。[A] locate one’s birth place寻找一个人的出生地 这个选项比较具有迷惑性，从第三段最后一句话DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists --- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots (PTK 最近惹怒了很多谱系学家，它支持提供寻找家族的祖籍服务的生意)，.我们可以看出， PTK 没有主要被用来寻找一个人的出生地，因而排除;选项[B] promote genetic research促进基因研究，[D] choose children for adoption选择收养的孩子 文中均未提及。

　　28. [D] 事实细节题。意为：持怀疑态度的观察者认为祖先鉴定没有

　　解析：从题干信息我们可以将它定位到文中第五段第一句There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing(那些正在做祖先鉴定的人们所宣扬的(祖先鉴定)精确度其实是错的)，这句话是对这一段的概括，因此[D]achieve the claimed accuracy达到声称的准确性 符合上述意思。而[A]trace distant ancestors找寻遥远的祖先，[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines重建可靠的血缘关系，[C] fully use genetic information充分利用基因信息 都只是它的细节之一，不能作为概括表述。

　　29. [A] 事实细节题。意为：最后一段中商业基因鉴定面临的一个问题是

　　解析：从最后一段第二句Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results(一些公司使用的数据库并不依赖于系统的数据收集而是把不同研究机构收集的信息合在一起。这就意味着处理数据的公司不同，所用 DNA 数据库也会不同)，可以断定[A]disorganized data collection数椐收集的紊乱 与本句话意思基本一致，为正确答案。文中并未提及数据是否重合，[B] overlapping database building 重合的数据库建设 无根椐。[C] excessive sample comparison 过多的样本比对 [D] lack of patent evaluation 缺少专利评价 文中没有体现。

　　30. [B] 主旨大意题。 意为：本文最合适的题目应是

　　解析：本题考察对文章主旨的把握，通读全文，我们看不到有明显赞成 DNA 测试的倾向，因此[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing DNA 测试的赞成与反对 不能概括文章大意;同样，文中没有特别强调实验室内外的问题，因而也可排除[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab 实验室外的DNA测试;文中作者只是客观地提出了 DNA 测试存在的不准确性问题，但并没有指明是哪些人的谎言，因而[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing DNA 测试背后的谎言 也不能算对;文章首先说到了PTK很容易得到，亲子血缘鉴定最受欢迎，接着说明了持怀疑态度的人们的看法，虚假的精确性与数据库的紊乱。因此[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems DNA 测试及它存在的问题 最能概括文章的大意，是文章最合适的题目。

　　第三篇文章

　　节选自2003年12月Mckinsey Quarterly 《麦肯锡季刊》原文题目为Educating Global Workers(全球工人的教育)。文章驳斥了一般认为发展教育可以带来经济增长的观点，指出持续的经济发展可以促进教育的发展，但缺少正规教育并不会限制发展中世界工人为可预见的将来大幅度提高生产力的能力。

　　参考译文：

　　正规教育和经济发展的关系在贫困国家普遍遭到经济学家和政治家的误解。毫无疑问，教育和经济的进步对于这些贫困国家以及其他所有国家的社会、政治和智力发展都是必不可少的;但是，认为在贫困国家极应优先发展教育以促进经济的快速发展的传统观点是错误的。我们很幸运这种看法是错误的，这是因为，在贫困国家建立新的教育制度并且让足够多的人们接受教育从而促进经济绩效需要两到三代人的努力。一个研究机构的发现一直在向我们表明，所有国家的工人都可以通过在岗培训极大地提高生产力，从而极大地提高人们的生活水准。

　　具有讽刺意味的是，这种观点的第一个证据是在美国出现的。不久前，美国进入经济萧条，而日本处于泡沫前的经济发展高峰，人们认为之所以如此，是由于美国工人教育程度低，从而造成了美国较差的经济发展。在汽车生产方面，日本过去是而且现在仍保持全球领先地位。但是研究表明，工人在接受岗上培训后，美国的本田、尼桑和丰田汽车生产厂家达到了日本同类汽车生产厂家大约95%的生产率。

　　还有一个更近的证据。在对住宅建设的检查中，研究人员发现，虽然建筑行业的工作极其复杂，但是在休斯敦和得克萨斯两地的墨西哥建筑工人，尽管没有文化，不会说英语却始终能达到最优劳动生产率标准。

　　教育和经济发展的真正关系是什么呢?我们不得不相信，持续的经济发展可以促进教育的发展，即使政府不施加压力。毕竟，这才是教育开始的方式。一万年前，当我们的祖先依靠狩猎和采集生活时，他们没有时间思考找寻食物之外的任何事情。只有在他们以一种更加高产的方式获得食物之后，才有从事其他事情的时间。

　　随着教育的发展，人类的生产潜力也得到提高。只有当竞争性环境促使我们的祖先达到他们的生产潜力时，他们才能反过来负担得起教育。高层次教育的不断发展或许是先进的经济绩效所要求的复杂政治制度的必要但不是充分条件。因此，假如没有那些只有在有了更广泛的正规教育之后才可能发生的政治变化，贫困国家或许就不能够逃脱它们贫困的命运。然而，缺少正规教育并不会限制发展中世界工人为可预见的将来大幅度提高生产力的能力。相反，对提高生产力的限制解释了发展中国家的教育为什么没有比实际发展得更加迅速。

　　重要词汇：

　　priority 重点，优先考虑的事

　　consistently 一贯地，始终如一地

　　productivity 生产率，生产力

　　recession 经济衰退，不景气

　　pre-bubble 经济泡沫前的

　　deride 取笑，嘲笑

　　automotive-assembly 汽车装配线

　　counterpart 与对方地位/作用相当的人/物

　　complexity 复杂性

　　sufficient condition 充分条件

　　substantially 充分地

　　foreseeable 可预知的

　　答案解析：

　　31. [D] 推理判断题目。意为：在第一段作者认为在贫困国家教育的重要性

　　解析：作者在首段指出however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong(但是，传统的观点认为在贫困国家对促进经济的快速发展而言，教育是极应优先考虑的要素之一，这是种错误的看法)，教育的优先性和教育的重要性实际上是一个意思，而既然文中说优先教育是种错误的看法，由此可推出教育的重要性被过度的重视了即被高估了，因此 [D] has been overestimated 被高估 正确。[A] is subject to groundless doubts 受到无根据的怀疑 不正确;[B] has fallen victim of bias 成为偏见的牺牲品 [C] is conventionally downgraded 被降低 表述的意思文中没有提及。

　　32. [B] 事实细节题。意为：第一段表明建立新的教育体系________。

　　解析：在第一段作者主要谈论了靠优先发展教育来促进经济发展是错误的看法，而世界各国的工人经过了劳动培训可以获取高生产率进而带来更高的生活水平。解答细节题时同样明显背离中心的选项可首先排除，即先可排除[A] challenges economists and politicians 挑战经济学家和政治家，和[C] demands priority from the government 要求政府重视;依据第一段的倒数第二句because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations(通过教育体系来使足够多的人能提高经济能力将需要两三代人)，由此可知建立教育体系在当前是不可能，而这种建立需要几代人的努力才能实现，故[B] takes efforts of generations 需要几代人的努力 是正确的;[D] requires sufficient labor force 需要充足的劳动力 第一段没有提及。

　　33. [B] 事实细节题。意为：日本和美国劳动力的主要区别是什么。

　　解析：解答本题可用运排除法。依据文章的第二段，美国劳动力受教育程度差遭到嘲笑并被认为是其经济表现差的原因之一。美国工人接受了职业培训后，本田、丰田的美国公司才达到了日本 95 %的产量，由此可知日本工人的生产力比美国工人的生产力高。从文中可知，美国劳动力受教育程度差是个事实也是美国经济表现差的重要原因，由此可排除不符合文意的 [C] the U.S workforce has a better education 美国工人教育程度高;而[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined 日本工人纪律更严 [D] the U.S workforce is more organized 美国工人组织较好 在文中未提及;由此可得出只有[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive日本的劳动力更多产 正确，而依据文意，既然日本保持了汽车产量的全球领先地位，自然日本的劳动力比美国的劳力更多产也验证了[B]为正确答案。

　　34. [C]推理判断题。意为：作者引用了我们祖先的例子来表明教育出现在

　　解析：本题有很大的迷惑性。很多考生选择了[A] when people had enough time 当人们有了充裕的时间时，因为最后一句话明确指出：只有当人们有了更高产的获得食物的方式时，人们才有时间做其它事情。但是本选项只是表面现象，而没有指出教育产生的实质。依据文章倒数第二段的最后两句可知，作者举出了我们祖先的例子是来论证本段第二和第三句话的内容We have begun to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started(我们不得不相信，持续的经济发展可以促进教育的发展，即使政府不施加压力。毕竟，这才是教育开始的方式)， 即教育与经济发展的真正关系：持续的经济发展可以促进教育的发展。因此我们选择[C] when people no longer went hungry在解决了温饱的情况下才可以谈教育。虽然例子中谈到了时间，但没有时间是什么造成的呢?是需要花时间去找猎物来填饱肚子而没了受教育的时间，只有是否饿肚子和经济发展逻辑上相关。[B] prior to better ways of finding food 找到更好的获得食物的方法之前 [D] as a result of pressure on government 由于政府的压力 文中没有提及。

　　35. [C] 主旨大意题。意为：根据文章的最后一段我们可以得知，教育的发展

　　解析：文章在最后一段针对上文讨论的教育和生产的关系做出了总结。在本段作者明确指出缺乏正规的教育并不能限制发展极大提高产量的世界劳动力，而反之，对提高产量的限制得以解释了为什么教育发展得没有那么快。由此可见，提高产量优先于发展教育，故[C] follows improved productivity 紧随生产力的提高 为正确答案;而[A] results directly from competitive environments 直接源于竞争性环境 [D] cannot afford political changes 无法负担政治变化 表达不符合文章的中心;[B] does not depend on economic performance 不取决于经济绩效 意思和文意相反。

　　第四篇文章

　　摘自1989年出版的Intellectual Life in America: A History(《美国知识生活的历史》)一书，是一篇关于美国早期历史的文章，讲述美国历史中的清教徒传统，及早期移民的复杂动机和背景。

　　参考译文：

　　新大陆历史上被研究最彻底的知识分子就是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖。美国哲学的权威历史表明，在殖民时期的美洲，没有一个地方像新英格兰那样“重视知识的追求”。按照很多书和文章的说法，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识分子生活中的基本主题和当务之急，那就是不断演变占支配地位的清教传统。

　　采用这个方式了解新英格兰通常意味着首先考察清教徒的神学改革和关于教会的独特思想——这也是我们不能忽视的重要话题。但是与对南方知识分子生活的考察相一致，我们可以把最初的清教徒看作是欧洲文化的载体，这种文化逐渐适应了新大陆的环境。新英格兰殖民地是追求广泛理解的理想诸如文明礼貌和艺术鉴赏力等的重大事件的发生地。

　　马萨诸塞海湾的早期定居者中包括在英国受到过良好教育和非常有影响的人物。在1629年之后的十年里，除了来到马萨诸塞教会的90个左右的有学问的牧师，还有像约翰温思罗普这样的政治领袖。温思罗普是一个有教养的绅士，还是一个律师，在他来到波士顿之前，曾经是英国皇室的官员。这些人写作并出版了大量的作品。为新大陆和欧洲大陆的读者所阅读，使新英格兰呈现出一派严肃的知识氛围。

　　然而，我们不应该忘记，大多数新英格兰人并没有受过良好的教育。虽然几乎没有什么工匠或农民，更不要说受赡养者和仆人，留下文学作品后人分析，但是非常明显，他们的观点尚未充分理性化。他们的思维常常包含传统的迷信的性质。有一个叫约翰丹的裁缝，他在17世纪30年代后期移民到新英格兰，留下了一份描述自己离开英国的原因的作品，里面充满了许多符号。性别混乱、经济挫折和宗教希望 – 在他打开圣经的决定性时刻都一起涌来，他告诉父亲他看到的第一行将决定他的命运，他独到了那些不可思议的文字：“你们务要从他们中间出来，不要沾不洁净的物，我要做你们的父，你们要做我的儿女。”人们不仅会想，丹对这些他在清教教堂里所听到的Õ)+KâÕ©8«.forum.pre-mbaclub.comöååöEDEÓYÕ)+KâÕ©8«.forum.pre-mbaclub.comöååöEDEÓY解释圣经的布道会有什么想法呢。

　　同时，很多的定居者不像丹那样对宗教那样虔诚。有个牧师对此深有感触。在海岸附近，他遇到一些人，这些人对他嘲弄说，他们不是由于宗教才来到新大陆的。“我们的主要目的是捕鱼。”

　　重要词汇：

　　colonial 殖民地的，殖民主义的

　　preoccupation 使人全神专注的东西，当务之急

　　unfolding 展开的，演变的

　　dominant 支配的

　　theological 神学的

　　episode 插曲，片段

　　civility 礼貌，礼仪

　　virtuosity 艺术鉴别力

　　earnestness 严肃，认真

　　intellectualize 使理性化，使知识化

　　superstition 迷信

　　emigrate 移居国外

　　答案解析

　　36. [B] 事实细节题目。意为：作者认为在 17 世纪的新英格兰

　　解析：第一段主要是讲17世纪的新英格兰重视知识追求，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识生活中清教传统的基本主题和当务之急。从第一段的第二句话nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits” (没有一个地方像新英格兰那样“重视知识的追求”)，可以断定[B] intellectual interests were encouraged 知识兴趣受到鼓励 是正确选项;[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life 清教传统支配着政治生活 是对原文New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life(新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识分子生活中的基本主题和当务之急，那就是不断演变占支配地位的清教传统)的篡改;[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors 政治从知识努力中获益非浅 从原文的表述中无法推出;[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment 知识追求享有自由环境 文章中没有提到“对于知识的追求享有自由的环境”。

　　37. [B] 推理判断题。意为：第二段中暗示出新英格兰人

　　解析：第二段中的第二句提到，But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances(但是与对南方知识分子生活的考察相一致，我们可以把最初的清教徒看作是欧洲文化的载体，这种文化逐渐适应了新大陆的环境)。由 we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture我们可以断定 [B] brought with them the culture of the Old World带来了旧大陆的文化 是正确的选项;选项中的 New Englanders 对应文中的 Puritans, brought with them the culture of the Old World 对应该文章中的 carriers of European culture，故此选项为此句中的同义替换;[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history 经历了一个相对和平的早期历史 文中没有提及;[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life 不注重南方知识生活 与文中in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life(与对南方知识分子生活的考察相一致)意思相反;[D] were obsessed with religious innovations 对宗教革新着迷 表述与第二段第一句话的意思有出入。

　　38. [D] 事实细节题。意为：早期到达马萨诸赛海湾的牧师和政治领袖

　　解析：根据文章第三段最后一句话These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness(这些人写作并出版了大量的作品。为新大陆和欧洲大陆的读者所阅读，使新英格兰呈现出一派严肃的知识氛围)。与[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England 在新英格兰创造了新的知识氛围 相呼应，为正确选项。[A] were famous in the New World for their writings 在新大陆因他们的作品而出名 选项中 in the new world 缩小了原文所表述的范围，是对最后一句话的片面理解;[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs 在宗教事务中赢得了越来越大的重要性 文中没有提及;[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World 来新大陆之前放弃了很高的地位 这只是Winthrop的例子，不能概括所有的早期牧师和政治领袖。

　　39. [A] 例证题。意为：关于 John Dane 的故事表明受教育较少的新英格兰人

　　解析：文章第四段第三句话their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality(他们的思维常常包含传统迷信的性质)，接下来就举了约翰丹的例子。很显然，据这个例子是为了说明第三句话的观点，因此[A] influenced by superstitions 受迷信的影响 是正确的。[B] troubled with religious beliefs 受到宗教信仰的困扰 [C] puzzled by church sermons 对教堂布道感到困惑 在约翰丹的例子中有所涉及，但不是举例的目的;[D] frustrated with family earnings 对家庭收入感到失望 文中没有提及。

　　40. [C]推断题。意为：从文章中可以看出到新英格兰的早期的定居者

　　解析：通过全文可看出来到英语兰早期的定居者，有政客、牧师、裁缝还有渔民，由此可见早期的定居者背景多种多样，[C] came from different backgrounds 来自不同的背景 表述的正是这个意思，为正确选项。[A] were mostly engaged in political activities 主要从事政治活动 表述片面;[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect 为虚幻的前景所驱动 文中没有提及;[D] left few formal records for later reference 几乎没有留下可供后人参考的正式记录 与文中表述有出入。

　　Part B

　　本篇文章出自MSN网站上的百科全书encarta上的文章，主要讲述了人类文化，以及人类认知自身文化的历史进程。本文是一篇文化类的文章，主要讲的是文化发展过程中的各种关于文化的理论。第一段讲的是 Herbert Spencer 的“生物和文化进化理论”。第二段讲的是 Lewis Henry Morgan 的“文化进化理论”。第三段可以看到， Franz Boas 提出了一种“历史特殊论”，它强调所有文化的唯一性。第四段还是讲了 Franz Boas 的理论。第五段我们除了看到“历史特殊论”外，还看到一种“ 扩散 ”理论和“ 扩散主义者 ”。第六段， Émile Durkheim 提出了一种文化理论，他认为宗教信仰有助于加强社会团结。

　　参考译文：

　　19世纪60年代英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文提出开创性的生物进化理论，无独有偶，英国社会哲学家赫尔伯特·斯宾塞提出了自己的生物和文化进化理论。斯宾塞认为，世间所有的现象，包括人类社会，随着时间的变化而变化，朝着完美而发展。他认为，人类进化以他称之为“适者生存”的斗争为特征。在这些斗争中，弱小的种族和社会最终必将为更强大、更先进的种族和社会所代替。

　　19世纪晚期，美国社会科学家刘易斯·亨利·摩根提出了文化进化的另一理论。摩根与泰勒都是现代人类学的奠基人之一。在其作品中，他企图向人们揭示在社会进化的过程中文化的所有方面是如何共同变化的。因此，摩根认为，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式，亲属种类、财产所有、政府形式、技术以及食物生产制度等文化的不同方面，都随社会的演变而变化。

　　20世纪早期，在北美洲，生于德国的美国人类学家弗朗兹·博厄斯发展了一个全新的文化理论，称为“历史特殊论”。历史特殊论强调所有文化的独特性，为人类学的发展提供了新的方向。另外的人类学家认为，像发明这样的文化革新都有一个起源，从一个社会传到另一个社会。这个理论称为“扩散论”。

　　博厄斯认为，任何社会的文化都必须理解为其独特历史的结果，而不是属于更广泛的进化阶段或者文化类型中诸多文化中的一个。为了尽可能彻底地研究具体的不同文化，博厄斯精通语言学即对语言的研究和体质人类学即对人类生物学和解剖学的研究。

　　主要是由于博厄斯诸多学生的影响，历史特殊论在美国的人类学研究中成为文化研究的一个重要方法。但20世纪早期的人类学家中也有许多人抵制文化特殊理论，而支持文化扩散理论。有些人把几乎每一个重要的文化进步都归因于少数几个尤其是几个天才民族的发明。按照扩散理论者的观点，这些民族然后再传播到其他文化。比如，基于不充分的信息，英国人类学家格拉弗顿·艾略特和W.J.佩里错误地认为，农业耕作、陶器制作和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化都是在世界上的不同地方不同时间分别发展起来的。

　　法国社会学家埃米尔·迪尔海姆也是在20世纪早期发展了一个将对人类学产生深远影响的文化理论。迪尔海姆提出，宗教信仰的作用就是加强社会的团结。对社会功能与文化之间关系的兴趣—称为文化功能主义—成为欧洲特别是英国人类学的一个重要主题。

　　选项译文：

　　A.另外的人类学家认为，像发明这样的文化革新都有一个起源，从一个社会传到另一个社会。这个理论称为“扩散论”。

　　B.为了尽可能彻底地研究具体的不同文化，博厄斯精通语言学即对语言的研究和体质人类学即对人类生物学和解剖学的研究。

　　C. 他认为，人类进化以他称之为“适者生存”的斗争为特征。在这些斗争中，弱小的种族和社会最终必将为更强大、更先进的种族和社会所代替。

　　D.他们还重视那些重要似乎能保持一个民族的社会结构的仪式，比如正式象征孩子进入成年的成年礼。

　　E.因此，摩根认为，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式，亲属种类、财产所有、政府形式、技术以及食物生产制度等文化的不同方面，都随社会的演变而变化。

　　F.该理论的支持者把文化看作是共同作用保持社会运转的综合部分的集合。

　　G.比如，基于不充分的信息，英国人类学家格拉弗顿·艾略特和W.J.佩里错误地认为，农业耕作、陶器制作和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化都是在世界上的不同地方不同时间分别发展起来的。

　　重要词汇：

　　coinciding with 与…一致

　　groundbreaking 开创性的，突破性的

　　naturalist 博物学家

　　anthropology 人类学家

　　particularism 特殊主义

　　diffusionism 扩散主义

　　sociologist 社会学家

　　solidarity 团结

　　functionalism 机能主义

　　linguistics 语言学

　　anatomy 解剖学

　　ritual 仪式

　　initiation ceremony 成年礼

　　pottery 陶器

　　metallurgy 冶金(学)

　　41. [C]

　　解析：这个空出现在第一段的末尾，而第一段讲的是 Herbert Spencer 的theory of biological and cultural evolution(生物和文化进化理论)，并且提到了 Charles Darwin，Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s(与19世纪60年代英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文提出开创性的生物进化理论相一致)。我们都知道 Charles Darwin 提出了著名的生物界的适者生存的发展规律。选项 [C] 的意思是，“他认为，人类进化以他称之为‘适者生存’的斗争为特征。在这些斗争中，弱小的种族和社会最终必将为更强大、更先进的种族和社会所代替。”选项[C]说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特征，与前面Charles Darwin的适者生存相呼应。空前的那句话说Spencer认为包括人类社会的所有世间现象都是朝着完美的方向在不断变化，加上前面所说的Spencer的生物和文化进化理论与达尔文的生物进化理论相一致，可以确定本题的答案是选项 [C]，其中He argued中的He 显然是指Spencer 。

　　42. [E]

　　解析：本题出现在第二段末，肯定意思应该与本段的意思紧密相连。第二段主要讲的是 Lewis Henry Morgan 的theory of cultural evolution (文化进化理论)，空前的那句话说，在他的作品里，他尽量说明了 how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (文化的诸多方面随社会的演变而变化)。这跟选项 [E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved(因此，他认为，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式，亲属种类、财产所有、政府形式、技术以及食物生产制度等文化的不同方面，都随社会的演变而变化)的内容不谋而合。所以，我们可以断定，本题的答案为选项[E]。

　　43. [A]

　　解析：这一题判断起来相对较难。第三段主要介绍了美国人类学家Franz Boas 提出的historical particularism (历史特殊论)，强调所有文化的独特性，为人类学的发展提供了新的方向。我们可以推测，最后一句话有可能会是对历史特殊论的进一步解释，或者Boas的其他观点。所以选项[B]有很大的迷惑性;但是，通过对下文的阅读，特别是通过第五段的阅读，我们发现，第五段中将historical particularism和diffusionism(扩散主义)进行了比较，指出历史特殊论之所以流行很大程度上是由于Boas诸多学生的影响;然而也有一些人类学家拒绝历史特殊论而对扩散论情有独钟。而在此之前，没有地方提到过扩散主义，以及这一理论是由谁提出的。所以我们可以推测，第三段有可能是介绍人类学的historical particularism 和，填空的地方就可能是对另一种新观点即diffusionism的介绍。选项[A] 刚好介绍了什么叫diffusionism ，Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism(另外的人类学家认为，像发明这样的文化革新都有一个起源，从一个社会传到另一个社会。这个理论称为扩散论), 而且other anthropologists 与前文North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas相呼应。由此可以断定，本题正确选项为[A].

　　44. [B]

　　解析：第四段继续介绍Franz Boas理论，他认为，任何社会的文化都必须理解为其独特历史的结果，而不是属于更广泛的进化阶段或者文化类型中诸多文化中的一个。很显然，本段是对historical particularism进一步阐述。选项[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.(为了尽可能彻底地研究具体的不同文化，博厄斯精通语言学即对语言的研究和体质人类学即对人类生物学和解剖学的研究。)，里面既提到Boas，又提到了解特殊的文化(particular cultures 是关键词)，符合本段的意思。因此，本题正确选项为[B]。

　　45. [G]

　　解析：第五段对“历史特殊论”和“扩散理论”进行了比较说明，指出“历史特殊论”方法的盛行是由于Boas学生的影响，而“扩散理论”认为，重要的文化进步归因于少数几个天才民族的发明，而这些民族然后再传播到其他文化。选项 [G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world. (比如，基于不充分的信息，英国人类学家格拉弗顿·艾略特和W.J.佩里错误地认为，农业耕作、陶器制作和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化都是在世界上的不同地方不同时间分别发展起来的。)很显然，这是一个例子，通过分析这个例子，我们可以知道，这是两种不同的观点的比较。显然是用来补充说明前面的观点的，即“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”和“扩散理论(diffusionism) 理论的对比。所以，本题的答案就是选项[G]。

　　Part C

　　本篇文章节选自John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education(《民主与教育》)，是一篇典型的学术论说型文体，讨论的是正规教育的地位。文章首先指出从与他人共处中获得的教育和对年轻人进行的有意教育之间存在显著差异;进而指出，在对待年轻人的问题上，交往本身正在变得越来越重要;最后指出，在不发达的社会群体中几乎没有正规教育和培训，他们主要通过人与人之间的交往来向年轻人灌输需要的性格。

　　本篇文章节选自John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education(《民主与教育》)，是一篇典型的学术论说型文体，讨论的是The Place of Formal Education.(正规教育的地位)。

　　参考译文：

　　从与他人共处中获得的教育和对年轻人进行的有意教育之间存在显著差异。在前一种情况，加以是偶然发生的;这种教育是自然的也是重要的，但不是这种关系的直接原因。46、可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。比如，宗教交往始于得到反对势力支持的愿望和避开邪恶势力的愿望;家庭生活始于满足食欲和保护家庭永久的愿望;系统劳动，很大程度上是由于被他人奴役，等等。47、一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢。即使今天，在我们的工业社会中，除勤恳和节俭等价值外，对使工作得以进行的人类交往形式的理性和情感的反应，与物质输出比较起来 几乎没有得到人们的关注。

　　但是，在对待年轻人的问题上，作为人类直接事实的交往本身，越来越重要。48、尽管我们在与年轻人交往时，很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是与成年人接触或交往却并不那么容易。培训的需要显而易见;实现改变他们态度和习惯的压力十分紧迫，不能完全不顾及这些后果。49、既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。假如人类在意识到每一个制度的最终价值在于它的特殊的人类影响方面取得了某些进步，我们有充分的理由可以相信，我们主要是通过与年轻人的交往而学到这一点的。

　　50、因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。我们发现，在不发达的社会群体中几乎没有正规教育和培训。这些群体主要依赖于使成年人对他们的群体保持忠诚的相同交往来向年轻人灌输需要的性格。

　　重要词汇：

　　Incidental 偶然的，附带的

　　overrule 批驳，推翻

　　ward off 避开，挡住

　　gratify 使满意，使满足

　　perpetuity 永久，永恒

　　enslavement 奴役，强制

　　by-product 副产品，意外结果

　　directive 指令，命令

　　industriousness 勤劳，勤奋

　　thrift 节约，节俭

　　disposition 性格，气质

　　leave … out of account 对…不予考虑

　　tuition 课程讲授

　　答案解析：

　　46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　本句考点：宾语从句， of 短语作定语，代词指代， but 引导并列句。

　　结构分析：本句的主干是： It may be said that…, but this effect… ;动词said后跟有一个由that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中的主语是the measure of the worth of any social institution，其中的of 短语作定语，修饰the measure，意为“任何社会制度的价值尺度”;在短语its effect 及 its original motive 中，it 在句中指代 social institution。

　　参考译文1：可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

　　参考译文2：可以说，任何社会制度的价值尺度就是它在扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但这种影响并不是它原始动机的一部分。

　　47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

　　本句考点：强调句的倒装结构。

　　结构分析：这是一个由and连接的一个并列句，其中每一个分句都是only短语作状语放句首采用部分倒装的结构：助动词was被提前。正常语序应该是：The by-product of the institution was noted only gradually, and this effect was only still more gradually considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. 其中，directive factor指导性因素，in the conduct of the institution是介词短语做状语，修饰factor，意为“实施这种制度时的指导性因素”。

　　参考译文1：一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢。

　　参考译文2：这个制度的副产品仅仅是为人们所逐步注意到，而在实施这种制度时，认为这种影响是一个指导因素则仍然更为缓慢。

　　48.While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

　　本句考点：比较状语从句，动宾分隔。

　　结构分析: 本句主干是 while 引导的一个让步状语从句，其中动词ignore 的宾语是the effect of our acts upon their disposition ，即“忽视了我们的行为对他们的性格的影响”;in our contact with 作为一个插入成分，分隔了 ignore 和它的宾语 the effect of… 。

　　参考译文1：在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。

　　参考译文2：尽管我们在与年轻人交往时，很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是与成年人接触或交往却并不那么容易。

　　49.Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

　　本句考点： since 引导的原因状语从句，代词指代，宾语从句，宾语从句嵌套定语从句。

　　结构分析：本句主干是 Since… we cannot help considering…，其中 whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability(我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量) 作 cannot help considering(不禁)的宾语， which will secure this ability 作为嵌套定语从句修饰 the powers;两个代词them指代的是年轻人。

　　参考译文1：既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。

　　参考译文2：既然我们对他们的主要职责(任务)就是使年轻人能够参与到一个共同的生活中去，因此我们不禁思考我们是否正具备这种力量，而这种力量将有助于我们获得这种能力。

　　50.We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.

　　本句考点：插入语，定语从句，同位语

　　结构分析：本句主干是： We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education.(因此我们被引导去区分一个更加正规的教育)。破折号后面的that of direct tuition or schooling(直接的教导或学校教育的教育)与 a more formal kind of education(一种更加正规的教育)是同位语关系，是对a more formal kind of education进一步解释。这句话中间插入了within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering (在目前为止一直在思考的广泛的教育过程的范围内)，作为插入语，其中which we have been so far considering为定语从句修饰 process。

　　参考译文1：因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。

　　参考译文2：因此，我们到目前为止一直在思考这种广泛的教育过程，从而促使我们去区别一个更为正规的教育，也就是说，那种直接教导或学校教育。

　　第三部分 写作

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续，给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括

　　1、给出自己简短的看法和观点。

　　2、给出2-3条建议。

　　51. 参考范文1

　　Dear editor，

　　I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter to inform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.

　　Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white pollution” for granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to give the following suggestions:

　　First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using the disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media can make full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhance people’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should be developed to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.

　　I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.

　　Sincerely yours，

　　Li Ming

　　译文：

　　尊敬的编辑：

　　您好!

　　好多年来，我一直阅读贵报。我写这封信的目的是要告诉您我们所面临的紧迫形势。

　　有些人已经习惯了在日常生活中使用塑料袋，习惯了会使环境恶化的“白色污染”。我们都知道，限制使用一次性塑料袋意义重大。因此，为了阻止形式进一步恶化，提出以下几条建议：

　　首先，严厉惩罚那些使用一次性塑料袋而污染环境的个人和团体。其次，地方媒体充分利用自己的影响来宣传塑料袋的副作用，从而提高人们的环境保护意识。最后但也是最重要的，利用新技术开发可降解可再生的可能的替代品。

　　希望这些建议对您有帮助，也感谢您对这些建议的关注。

　　李明

　　构思与评析：

　　本题要求写一封建议信，要求比较具体，话题也比较熟悉，可写的东西比较多。因此这篇小作文题材是大家非常熟悉的，难度适中。

　　一般说来，建议信多属于半开放性作文，要求根据所给材料给出有针对性的解决办法或提出合理化的建议。要符合英语书信的基本格式要求。

　　由所给的提纲来看，信的内容应该先对不成功的塑料袋禁止发表自己的看法，然后给出2-3条建议，因此这是一封重在建议的信。范文中第一段首先简要说明写信的原因。第二段则提出当前面临的形势，某些地方塑料袋禁止不成功，白色污染仍然存在，危害周围环境;鉴于这种情况，特提出建议。第三段则具体说明提出的三条建议：惩罚塑料袋使用者;发挥媒体作用，宣传塑料袋的危害，提高环境保护意识;研发新的替代品。第四段希望自己的信得到重视。

　　本文紧扣主题，包含了要求的所有内容，提出了合理的建议，使用了一些不错的词组和句子。格式规范，逻辑性较强，条理清晰，是篇不错的作文。

　　参考范文2

　　Dear editors,

　　I’ve always been a faithful reader of your newspaper and I like it very much, especially the environment column. I am writing this letter to tell you something about the use of disposable plastic bags.

　　I think it is of utmost significance to limit the use of disposable plastic bags. However, many people continue using them without realizing the harmful effect they bring about to our enviroment. To crack this hard nut, I would like to propose several practical recommendations as follows.

　　First of all, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags. Moreover, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags. Lastly, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or supermarkets.

　　I hope you will find the above proposals helpful and I would like to discuss this matter to further details soon. Give you my best wishes.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　结构与评析：

　　文中第一段首先说明自己喜欢该报的环境专栏并简要说明写信的原因。第二段首先表明自己对限制塑料袋使用的看法，接着说明当前形势，许多人仍然使用一次性塑料袋。鉴于这种情况，提出建议。第三段对三条建议进行说明：禁止免费使用一次性塑料袋，寻找替代品，提高塑料袋的价格。第四段希望自己的信得到重视，表示愿意就此问题进一步详谈。

　　本文紧紧抓住了题目的要求，涵盖了内容要求，分析说理清晰，层次分明，过度自然，格式规范，也是篇不错的作文。

　　译文：

　　尊敬的编辑:

　　您好!我一直是贵报的忠实读者，尤其喜欢环境专栏。这次写信是想告诉您有关一次性塑料袋的一些问题。

　　我认为，限制一次性塑料袋的使用意义重大。但是，很多人还在继续使用它们，没有意识到这么做对环境所带来的危害。为解决这一问题，提出几个实用性建议如下。

　　首先，必须禁止免费使用一次性塑料袋。此外，开发可以代替它们的替代品，比如纸袋或者布袋子等。最后，提高商场或超市提供的塑料袋的价格。

　　希望以上建议对您有所帮助，我愿意就此问题与您进一步详谈。呈以最好的祝愿!

　　李明

　　书信格式及常用句型：

　　考研小作文的书信在格式上比较简单，一般不要求写信头或信内地址，直接从称呼开始，一般以Dear …开始，接下来就是信的重要内容了。应该注意的是在书写正文时，开头一般要写明写信的原因，结尾处要有结束语，然后是签名。签名一般用Yours faithfully,Yours sincerely, Yours,等。熟人朋友之间也可以用Love,Yoursever，等。

　　1. I am much pleased to inform you that…….

　　非常高兴告诉你……

　　2. I wish to apply for the teaching position you are offering.

　　我希望申请你们教书的职位。

　　3. Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.

　　今天上午收到了你11月22号的来信。

　　4. In reply to your letter dated July 4, I want to say…

　　就你七月4日的来信，我想说……

　　5. Thank you/ Many thanks/ A thousand thanks for your letter dated Dec.22,2000.

　　感谢您/非常感谢您2000年12月22日的来信。

　　6. I'm sorry to have taken so long to answer your last letter.

　　这么久才给你回信很感歉意。

　　7. I hope to have a letter from you before long.

　　希望不久能收到你的来信。

　　8. Give my best wishes to you.

　　呈以最好的祝愿。

　　9. Looking forward to your early reply.

　　盼望你早日回信。

　　10. Hoping to hear from you soon.

　　希望早日收到你的来信。

　　表示列举常用衔接词

　　above all首要的是 first of all首先 to begin with首先

　　to start with首先 most important of all最重要的是 in addition另外

　　furthermore此外 moreover再者 besides而且

　　firstly第一，首先 secondly第二，其次 thirdly 第三

　　finaly最后 last but not the least最后同样重要的是 lastly最后

　　for one thing 首先，一方面 for another 再者，另一方面

　　in the first place首先 in the second place 其次，第二

　　有关环境污染与环境保护的词汇：

　　afforestation project 造林工程

　　Agenda 21 21世纪议程

　　conservation of water and soil 水土保持

　　curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 治理环境污染

　　develop renewable resources 开发可再生资源

　　endangered wildlife 濒危野生动物

　　environmental degradation 环境恶化

　　environment-friendly products 环保产品

　　fast-growing trees 速生林

　　forest coverage 森林覆盖率

　　global warming 全球变暖

　　greenhouse effect 温室效应

　　industrial solid wastes工业固体废物

　　National Tree-Planting Day 全民义务植树日

　　organic pollutants 有机污染物

　　policy of of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control 预防为主、防治结合的政策

　　protest forests from overexploitation 防止过度利用森林

　　rate of deforestation 森林砍伐率

　　refuse landfill 垃圾填埋场World Environment Day 世界环境日

　　residue 废渣

　　sand breaks 防沙林

　　slow down the rate of resource degradation 降低资源消耗率

　　the basic policies of China's environmental protection 中国环保基本政策

　　throwaway bio-degradable plastics bags 可降解一次性塑料袋

　　turn the country green 绿化祖国

　　uncontrolled urbanization 城市化失控

　　waste/polluted gas 废气

　　waste/polluted water 废水

　　water and soil erosion 水土流失

　　water resource conservation zone 水资源保护区

　　white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 白色污染

　　wind breaks 防风林

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　看图写一篇160-200个词的作文，包括一下内容：

　　一、 简要描述图画，

　　二、 解释它的含义，并

　　三、 做出评价

　　52. 短文写作参考范文 1

　　As we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of a computer and using the Internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in the drawing reads: “the Internet: near or far ”.

　　It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaning of the picture is the effect of the Internet on people’s way of life. There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living, making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the Internet makes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN or ICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the Internet is making us nearer to each other.

　　However, there are negative effects of the Internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture, people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. They choose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to the fictional world, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficient communication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting with their children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting online with friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore, Internet seems to make near people far away.

　　Hence, how to use modern communication tools such as Internet properly has becomes a hot issue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the Internet, we should also bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions. Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-face communication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.

　　构思与评析：

　　大作文仍然是图画式作文。写好这篇作文主要在于两点：第一，描述图画。图片描写可能会给一部分考生造成困难，这一点要看学生平时的积累。第二，寓意理解。题目图片看似简单，实则抽象。揭示主题需结合中文提示“网络的近与远”，即网络为人们的生活带来的便利以及不便。这一主题比较贴近现代生活，也是当今大学生熟悉的话题：网络虽然非常便利，让人与人足不出户就可以相互联系，但是人与人之间的直接联系却变得稀少了。

　　据此，可以列出如下提纲：第一段对所给图画进行描述，许多人在蜘蛛网一样的各自的空间里上网，下面是说明文字：“网络的近与远”。第二、三段对图画的含义进行说明：一方面，网络作为交际手段给我们带来了很大的方便，在这个意义上，网络使人与人的距离拉近了;另一方面，人们过多地沉迷于网络，致使朋友、家人之间面对面的交流变少，在这个意义上，网络使人与人的距离更远。第四段说明自己的观点：应该避免网络的负面影响，加强人与人面对面的交流。

　　本文从图片的描述入手，明确提出了图画的含义，并多网络的近与远进行了辩证说明，分析透彻，说理充分，是篇难道的佳作。

　　译文：

　　从图中我们可以看到，很多包括年青人和老年人的男男女女正坐在电脑前面，在像一张大蜘蛛网一样的空间内上网。下面是一行说明文字：“网络的近与远”。

　　很显然，这张大蛛网就是互联网的象征，这幅图的象征意义就是互联网对人们生活方式的影响。毫无疑问，互联网给我们提供了很多的方便。互联网正在改变我们的生活方式，使得以前做梦都不敢想的许多事情成为可能。作为一个通讯工具，互联网通过电子邮件、QQ，MSN或ICQ，给我们提供了即时通讯，不管我们离得有多远，从而，大大缩短了人们之间的距离。因此，在这个意义上，互联网正在是我们更加接近。

　　然而，互联网也给人们的生活带来了负面影响。正如图中所示，人们被囚禁在各自的空间里，沉溺在网络中。不是进行面对面的沟通，他们选择在线交流。由于沉溺于虚构的世界，人们似乎已经忘记了传统的最有效的沟通方式，因此，先到社会中互相漠不关心已经成为一个常见的现象。我们会经常听到父母抱怨与孩子们聊天的时间越来越少，因为他们把过多的时间用来玩游戏或者在网上通朋友或陌生人聊天。此外，还有一些夫妇，彼此很少交谈。所以，互联网似乎在使离得很近的人们之间更加遥远。

　　因此，如何正确使用像互联网这样的现代通讯工具成为近年来的一个热门话题。我们在享用互联网提供的方便之时，一定要牢记，人类是需要真实的人际交流的社会动物。我们应该共同努力，确保人们之间特别是家人之间面对面的沟通。只有这样，我们才能够有望建立人与人之间关系的健康发展。

　　参考范文2：

　　As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, the Internet is a network of thousands of networks, linking schools, universities, businesses, government agencies, libraries and millions of individuals. The Internet exerts such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of people’s living and thinking.

　　The exaggerative and impressive cartoon has subtly revealed the duality of the relationship between man and Internet. On the one hand, the Internet can bring many conveniences into the school, home and office. With a computer and modem, any individual can search and find information about almost anything from almost anywhere and anytime. But on the other hand, a great many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain a regular and wholesome lifestyle. Such a waste of time inevitably leads to their failure in their life and work.

　　Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and restrain from overindulgence. For one thing, with the Internet and computer, we can not only get information conveniently, but also communicate directly with other homes and with information sources worldwide. For another, as nearly all activities could be conducted in the comfort of our homes, we could all become hermit-like, never feeling any need to leave the computer. Accordingly, the challenge of the Internet means we should seriously consider how we can use it, so that it won’t control us.

　　构思与评析：

　　这是一篇侧重人与互联网关系的一篇文章。第一段简要描述了图表，指出了互联网对人们的生活方式的影响。第二段接着就这幅图画的隐含意义即人与互联网关系的双重性展开论述，一方面给人们带来极大的方便，另一方面过分沉溺网络影响人们健康的生活方式。第三段，得出结论：合理使用互联网，不能过分沉溺。

　　本文语言通顺，结构安排紧凑，说理充分。不足之处是没有紧扣主题，在描述图画时没有提及图画下面文字，文章虽然指出了图画的隐含意义，即人与网络的关系，却没有能紧扣“网络的近与远”来写。尽管如此，本文仍不失为一篇佳作。

　　译文：

　　正如图画中象征性描述的一样，互联网是许许多多网络的网络，它把学校、大学、商业机构、政府部门、图书馆以及千千万万个个人连接起来。互联网多我们的生活产生了如此深远的影响，以至于它使人们的生活方式和思维都发生了革命性的变化。

　　这幅夸张却令人印象深刻的图画隐约揭示了人与互联网关系的双重性。一方面，互联网给学校、家庭和办公室都带来了很多的方便。一台电脑加上一个调制解调器，任何人可以在任何时间从几乎任何地方找到几乎任何信息。但是，另一方面，许多人承认，他们太沉溺于互联网以至于不能保持正常的健康的生活方式。如此浪费时间导致生活和工作上的失败。

　　因此，合理使用互联网限制过分沉溺网络是十分必要的。首先，通过互联网和电脑，我们不仅可以方便地得到各种信息，而且可以直接与世界范围内的其他家庭其他信息源进行沟通。其次，由于在家里就可以舒适地从事几乎所有活动，因而我们都有可能变成宅男宅女，从不会感到有离开电脑的必要。因此，互联网带给我们的挑战就意味着我们应该严肃考虑如何使用互联网才不会让它成为支配人们的东西。

　　图画描述常用句式：

　　1. The set of drawings above vividly depicts…

　　以上图画生动地描述了……

　　2. The scene drawn in the above is this: …

　　以上的画面是这样的……

　　3. From the picture above, we can see …

　　从上面的图片我们可以看到……

　　4. As is vividly portrayed in the drawing, …

　　正如图画中生动描述的一样，……

　　5. The cartoon vividly illustrates …

　　这幅漫画生动地表明，……

　　6. As is vividly depicted in the picture, …

　　正如图片中描述的一样，……

　　7. As can be seen from the drawings, …

　　正如从上图可知，……

　　8. In this picture we are surprised to see …

　　在这幅图中我们吃惊地发现……

　　9. As is described in the picture…

　　正如图中所画，……

　　10. Looking at the picture, we can’t help thingking of …

　　看着这幅图画，我们不禁想起……

　　11. The purpose of the drawing is to show us that …

　　这幅图画的目的是向我们说明……

　　12. These pictures reminds us of …

　　这些图片提醒我们……

　　13. It is obvious that the drawer of this picture wants us to draw our attention to …

　　很显然，画这幅图画的人想让我们注意……

　　14. The intended meaning of the picture above is pressing and far-reaching.

　　上图想要表达的意思是非常迫切，意义深远。

　　15. Simple as it is, the symbolic meaning the picture conveys is deep and profound.

　　虽然简单，这幅图的象征意义深刻。

　　表示优缺点常用句式：

　　1. We are all aware that everything has its two sides. … is no exception. In its development, … has brought both advantages and disadvantages.

　　我们都知道，任何事都有两面性。… 也不例外。在其发展过程中，… 既带来了好的一面，也带来了不好的一面。

　　2. … has brought a number of benefits to us. /… benefits us in many respects.

　　… 给我们带来了许多的好处。/… 在很多方面对我们有益。

　　3. The benefits of … can be perceived in many respects.

　　… 的好处可以从很多方面看出。

　　4. … is a beneficial activity, in which we can obtain many advantages.

　　… 是一种有益的活动，我们从中可以获得很多的好处。

　　5. … has many positive points.

　　… 有很多的优点。

　　6. Just as a coin has two sides, … also has some bad/ill/side effects.

　　正如硬币有两面一样，…

　　7. On the other hand, … has its disadvantages/negative points/problems.

　　另一方面，… 也有自己的缺点/问题。

　　8. In spite of these disadvantages, I think … does more good than harm to people. And the disadvantages, since they have been pointed out clearly, will be dealt with effectively.

　　尽管有这些劣势， 我认为 … 对人们利大于弊。而且，既然这些不利之处已被明确指出，就将会得到有效的处理。

　　9. Weighing the two sides, we find that there is no denying the fact that … has produced great effects on society.

　　将这两个方面进行权衡，我们发现，… 毫无疑问已经对社会产生了巨大的影响。

　　10. To conclude, I would say that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages/ its gain outweighs its loss.

　　总之，我认为，利大于弊。

　　11. While taking advantage of …, we must try to find ways to reduce its disadvantages to a minimum so as to let it serve our purposes better and make our life more exciting and attractive.

　　在充分利用… 的同时，为了让它更好地满足我们的要求，使我们的生活更加令人兴奋、更加具有吸引力，我们必须尽力找到方法，把它的不利降到最低。

　　12. In sum, … does more good than harm. We must take a correct attitude towards …. We should take full advantage of it and avoid its disadvantage.

　　总之，… 利大于弊。我们应该对它有正确的态度，扬其长避其短。

　　13. In any case, whether the ultimate effect of … is good or not, one thing is certain that … in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.

　　无论如何，不管 … 的最终影响是好还是坏，有一件事是肯定的，那就是，… 本身没有好坏之分。 是对它的使用决定了它对社会的价值。

　　14. In my opinion, nothing is wrong with …. The problem is what to do with it.. If it is in proper use, … may bring us pleasure/happiness.

　　在我看来，… 没有什么错。问题在于如何对待它。如果使用得当，… 会给我们带来快乐/幸福。

　　15. The key point is how to make good use of its positive aspects and avoid its negative points.

　　关键是怎样充分利用其有利的方面而避免其不利的方面。

　　有关计算机及网络的词汇：

　　access to information 有权使用信息

　　blog 博客

　　boot up/start up 启动

　　censorship 审查制度

　　computer expert 计算机专家

　　computer virus 计算机病毒

　　computer hacker 计算机黑客

　　cyberspace 网络空间

　　desktop computer 台式电脑

　　download/upload 下载/上传

　　e-mail 电子邮件

　　hardware 硬件

　　hook up to the Internet 上网

　　keyboard 键盘

　　laptop computer 笔记本电脑

　　link 链接

　　log onto/off 登录/登出

　　network 网络

　　online chatting 网上聊天

　　personal computer 个人电脑

　　programmer 程序员

　　restart 重启

　　screen 屏幕

　　software 软件

　　surf the Internet 网上冲浪

　　switch on/off 打开/关闭

　　terminal 终端

　　video game 计算机游戏

　　visit the Web site 访问网站

　　World Wide Web 环球网

上一篇：2010年英语二真题

下一篇：2008年英语一真题